ASSESSING ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY‘S PUBLIC ART APPROACH IN ANKARA SINCE THE MID-1990s A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖZLEM YALÇINKAYA IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING FEBRUARY 2011 Approval of the thesis: ASSESSING ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY’S PUBLIC ART APPROACH IN ANKARA SINCE THE MID-1990s submitted by ÖZLEM YALÇINKAYA in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Urban Design in City and Regional Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy _____________________ Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Assist. Prof. Dr. Z. Müge Akkar Ercan _____________________ Supervisor, City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Baykan Günay _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Z. Müge Akkar Ercan _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasu _____________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Fatma Cana Bilsel _____________________ Architecture Dept., METU Date: 10.02.2012 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Özlem Yalçınkaya Signature: iii ABSTRACT ASSESSING ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY‘S PUBLIC ART APPROACH IN ANKARA SINCE THE MID-1990s YALÇINKAYA, Özlem M.S., Department of City and Regional Planning in Urban Design Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Z. Müge Akkar Ercan February 2011, 167 Pages Public spaces play essential roles in urban life for the city, the public and individuals, by setting strong relations between urban space and social and cultural values. Public spaces and their essential components have multi-dimensional impacts on people. Public art, as a constituent of public space, includes a wide range of artworks, activities and outcomes, contributing to the significance of the places in a variety of ways. However, each culture, country and city, has diverse policies and outcomes of public art based on different perspectives. Focusing on the public art policies in Ankara over the last two decades, this thesis seeks to examine how far the recent policies have contributed to the city. By carrying out in-depth investigation on the public art work interventions and policies of the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality, the thesis assesses the multi-dimensional contributions of these policies and interventions. It seeks to discuss how far the public artwork policies of localities are crucial for creating genuine public spaces of cities. Keywords: Public space, public art, urban design, Ankara iv ÖZ ANKARA BÜYÜKġEHĠR BELEDĠYESĠNĠN 1990 ORTALARINDAN ĠTĠBAREN KAMUSAL SANAT ÇALIġMALARININ DEĞERLENDĠRĠLMESĠ YALÇINKAYA, Özlem Yüksek Lisans, ġehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Kentsel Tasarım Tez Yöneticisi: Assist. Prof. Dr. Z. Müge Akkar Ercan ġubat 2011, 167 Sayfa Kamusal alanlar, kentsel mekan ile toplumsal ve kültürel değerler arasında güçlü iliĢkiler kurarak, kentsel yaĢamda önemli roller üstlenirler. Kamusal mekanlar ve temel bileĢenlerinin insanlar üzerinde çok boyutlu etkileri vardır. Kamusal alanın önemli bir yapı taĢı olan kamusal sanat, kapsamında çok çeĢitli sanat çalıĢmaları ve etkinlikleri bulundurur. Böylece kamusal sanat, mekanın önemine değiĢik biçimlerde katkıda bulunur. Her kültür, ülke ve kentin kamusal sanat politikaları, dolayısıyla bu politikaların sonuçları, birbirinden farklıdır. Bu çalıĢma, Ankara‘da son yirmi yıldır uygulanan kamusal sanat politikalarına odaklanarak, bu politikaların kente nasıl katkı sağladığını ve ne tür etkilerde bulunduğunu incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Ankara BüyükĢehir Belediyesi‘nin kamusal sanat politika ve müdahalelerini derinlemesine inceleyerek, çok boyutlu etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Bu tez, kentlerde anlamlı kamusal mekân yaratmada, Belediyelerin kamusal sanat politikalarının ne kadar önemli olduğunu tartıĢmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamusal mekan, kamusal sanat, kentsel tasarım, Ankara v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank and express my sincere gratitude to Assist. Prof. Dr. Z. Müge Akkar Ercan, my supervisor, for her great support, patience, encouragement, and guidance throughout the preparation of this thesis. I also would like to thank the examining committee members, Prof. Dr. Baykan Günay, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasu and Prof. Dr. Fatma Cana Bilsel for their valuable suggestions, guidance and comments. I would like to thank to my parents, FatoĢ Yalçınkaya and Özcan Yalçınkaya and all my family members for their supports and infinite patience during every stages of thesis.I also owe special thanks to my friends for their supports during my thesis research. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ .......................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. xiv CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Definition of the research problem ........................................................................... 1 1.2. Aims and objectives of the study .............................................................................. 4 1.3. Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 5 1.4. Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 6 2. PUBLIC ART AND THE CITY ........................................................................................ 8 2.1. What is ‗public art‘? ................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Types of public artworks in public space ............................................................... 12 2.3. Manifestations of public art in public sphere .......................................................... 17 2.3.1.Appearance of public art in public space .......................................................... 17 2.3.2.The characters of public artwork ...................................................................... 19 2.3.3.Permanence of public art .................................................................................. 20 2.3.4.Legal characteristics of public art ..................................................................... 22 2.4. Contributions of public art in public space ............................................................. 26 2.4.1.Spatial Contributions of Public Art .................................................................. 26 2.4.1.1.Contributions to the space ...................................................................... 27 2.4.1.2.Contributions to the publicness of public space ..................................... 30 2.4.1.3.Contributions to location ........................................................................ 31 2.4.1.4.Contributions to identity of a place ........................................................ 33 vii 2.4.1.5.Contributions to quality of life ............................................................... 33 2.4.2.Social Contributions of Public Art ................................................................... 35 2.4.2.1.Contributions to the public sphere of cities ........................................... 36 2.4.2.2.Contributions to people‘s experience ..................................................... 39 2.4.2.3.Contributions with collaboration ........................................................... 41 2.4.2.4.Contributions to social change ............................................................... 42 2.4.3.Political and Ideological Contribution of Public Art ........................................ 44 2.4.4.Economical Contributions of Public Art .......................................................... 49 2.4.4.1.Contributions to profit-motivated market objectives ............................. 50 2.4.4.2.Contributions to revitalising property market ........................................ 51 2.4.4.3.Contributions to consumption in new commercial, cultural and office developments ....................................................................................................