RNI No. UPENG/2006/22736 Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013 ISSN 2229-628X January, 2013 JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE (A bi-annual Scientific Research Journal) Doctor’s Krishi Evam Bagawni Vikas Sanstha (Doctor’s Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society) Registration No. 131380, ISSN 2229-628X Chief Patron Dr. C.D. Mayee, Ex-Chairman, ASRB, 50K, Bharat Nagar, Nagpur-440033 (M.S) President Dr. M.D. Pathak, Chairman CRIWMI, Lucknow and Former Director, Training and Research, IRRI Manila Vice-President Dr. Rajiv Dutta, Dean, Faculty of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, 566/6 Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun - 248002 (Uttarakhand) General Secretary Dr. R.P. Srivastava, Former Director and Principal Scientist CISH Lucknow Assistant Secretary Dr. Rajesh Kumar, A-5/13 Shivajipuram, Indira Nagar Lucknow Editorial Advisory Board Dr. N.K. Krishna Kumar, DDG (Hort) ICAR, KAB-II, Pusa Dr. C.S. Nautial, Director, NBRI, Lucknow Campus, New Delhi - 110 012 Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director, NCIPM, IARI Campus, New Dr. Seema Wahab, Advisor, DBT, New Delhi Delhi. Dr. T.P. Rajendran, ADG (PP), ICAR, New Delhi Dr. V.K. Gupta, Chief Editor, Oriental Insects P.O. Box. 358120, Gainesville, Florida (USA) Dr. S.N. Puri, Vice-Chancellor, CAU-Imphal. Dr. A.N. Mukhopadhyay, Former Vice-Chancellor, Assam Dr. V.K. Yadav, Plant Protection Advisor, GOI, Faridabad. Agri. Univ., Jorhat, Assam. Dr. V.M. Pawar, Director, Biotech International, Pune and Dr. R.C. Saxena, Former Principal Scientist ICIPE (Kenya) Former Vice-Chancellor, MAU, Parbhani Dr. R.K. Anand, Former Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi Dr. P.K. Singh, Former Vice-Chancellor, CSAUA&T, Kanpur. Dr. H.B. Singh, Professor Department of Plant Pathology Dr. R.K. Pathak, Ex-Director, CISH, 3/4 New Bhar, Sahara B.H.U. Varanasi. State, Jankipuram, Lucknow - 221 021 (UP) Dr. S. Ramarethinam, Executive Director, T. Stains and Co. Dr. Kishan Chandra, Additional Commissioner (INM), Krishi Ltd. Coimbatore. 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Vol. 8 No. 1 2013 Acknowledgement : DKEBVS acknowledges the financial support from ICAR, New Delhi NAAS Rating : 3.6 (Doctor's Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society) Registered under Society Registration Act 21, 1860 Main office : A-601, Indira Nagar, Lucknow - 226 016, India www.ecoagrijournal.com E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 8(1): 1-14 : 2013 REVIEW Insect growth regulators: practical use, limitations and future Satnam Singh, Suneet Pandher, Rakesh Kumar Sharma1 and Rajinder Kumar2 Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot - 151 203, India 1 PAU Regional Station, Ballowalsaunkri, Punjab, 2Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Compounds interfering with normal growth and development of insects are categorized under the group IGRs. The group includes moulting hormone analogues, anti moulting hormone analogues, juvenile hormone analogues, anti juvenile hormone analogues, insect neuropeptides, chitin synthesis inhibitors, chitin degradation inhibitors and sclerotization inhibitors. Exogenous applications of MHAs (Mimic®, Interprid®, Mach®, Confirm®) lead to increased titre of ecdysone which can not be metabolized or excreted rapidly to prevent hormonal imbalance resulting in moulting promotion and consequent death of insects but due to their hydrophilic nature they cannot penetrate insect cuticle, thus effective only upon digestion. JH and its analogues (Altosid®, Enstar®, Insegar®, GenTrol®, Mator®, Kabat®, Admiral®, Logic® and Aware®) result in deranged development and several deformities such as supernumerary larvae, larval-pupal, larval-adult, pupal-adult intermediates and adultoides however, low persistence and stage specificity are limiting their field use. CSIs (Applaud®, Consult®, Match®, Nomolt®, and Baycidal®) act by inhibiting chitin synthetase and cause moulting aberrations associated with several morphological abnormalities. Neuropeptides are safe and selective compounds for control of insect pests, but their heat labile nature, costlier synthesis, inability to penetrate the insect cuticle are the major constraints in their use. Alternatively, the neuropeptides genes along with chitinase gene could be the potential candidates for designing the effective biopesticides (entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc.) through genetic engineering. Key words: Moulting hormone analogues, anti moulting hormone analogues, juvenile hormone analogues, anti juvenile hormone analogues, chitin synthesis inhibitors, insect neuropeptides, insect-pest management It was in 1962 that the Rachel Carson’s famous book Insect cuticle “Silent Springs” acquainted the world with the ill effects of Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSIs), chitin degradation synthetic insecticides such as DDT and soon after, an inhibitors, and sclerotization inhibitors. JHAs and CSIs are intensive search for the alternate methods or more precisely the most exploited commercially followed by MHAs, but the eco-friendly methods of insect-pest control followed. Insects work on the other IGRs is still in infancy. differ from vertebrates w.r.t. three respects i.e. endocrine system, structure of integument and communication system, IGRS based on endocrine system which can be manipulated for pest management. Based on endocrine system and integument, a new class of The insect endocrine system chiefly consists of a group comparatively safe insecticides came into existence known of neurosecretory cells in the brain which are linked to the as insect growth regulators (IGR’s) (a name familiar to plant corpus cardiacum by a network of nerves called the nervi growth regulators (PGRs) that influence plant growth and corpori cardiacum I (NCC I) and NCC II. The neurosecretory phenology) or bio-rational insecticides or 3rd generation cells of the brain secrete the brain hormone or PTTH insecticides and defined as “compounds interfering with (prothoracico trophic hormone) or activating hormone or normal growth and development of insects”. Based on the neurohormone which in turn activates the PTG (prothoracic endocrine system and insect cuticle, the IGRs have been gland) to produce MH (moulting hormone). This hormone classified as follows: initiates the process of moulting by increasing the level of 20 E (20 hydroxyecdysone) in haemolymph with the result, Endocrine System insect stops feeding and apolysis (separation of epidermis from the old cuticle) occurs. The layer between the old cuticle Juvenile Hormone Analogues (JHAs), Anti Juvenile and the epidermis is filled with moulting fluid, which Hormone Analogues (AJHAs), Moulting Hormone contains enzymes in inactive form responsible for the Analogues (MHAs), Antimoulting Hormone Analogues digestion of old cuticle. With the decrease in the 20 E titer the (AMHAs) and insect neuropeptides enzymes in the moulting fluid get activated and the digestion of procuticle takes place. This is followed by release of ©2013 Satnam Singh et al. eclosion hormone, triggering ecdysis (shedding of old cuticle) control much of commercial exploitation has not been and completion of molting cycle. The type of moult is achieved. Besides, some plants carrying phytoecdysteroids determined by another hormone secreted by the activated have also been known. About 111 families of plants are corporus allatum known as juvenile hormone (JH) or known to contain 69 phytoecdysteroids (Bergamasco and neotenin or statusquo hormone. The earlier concept of Horn, 1983). The first ecdysteroids, inkosterone and quantitative effect i.e. if the JH titer is high, the larva will ecdysterone were isolated from the plant Achyranthes fauriei moult into larva; if low, then larva into pupa and virtual (Nakanshi et al., 1966). Sumitomo company and Mark absence of JH molts pupa into adult, was disproved and Research Labs in 1996 isolated two products viz, 3, 5 di-tret replaced with qualitative developmental programming and butyl 4 hydroxy N isobutyl benzamide (DTBHIB) and 8-0- stressed that the genome of each cell receives individually acetyl harpidge respectively from Ajuga reptans which the message of either being activated by JH