THETHE ROMANROMAN EMPIREEMPIRE AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS TOTO MARCUSMARCUS AURELIUSAURELIUS JULIO-CLAUDIANJULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORSEMPERORS AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS ■ 6363 BCE-14BCE-14 ADAD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 2727 BCE-14ADBCE-14AD ■ PAXPAX ROMANAROMANA ■ EXLARGEDEXLARGED EMPIREEMPIRE ININ SPAIN,SPAIN, GAUL,GAUL, ASIAASIA ■ VARUSVARUS LOSTLOST 55 LEGIONSLEGIONS ININ GERMANYGERMANY ■ GOLDENGOLDEN AGEAGE OFOF LITERATURELITERATURE ■ BEAUTIFIEDBEAUTIFIED ROMEROME ■ MONTHMONTH OFOF SEXTILISSEXTILIS RENAMEDRENAMED AUGUSTAUGUST ININ HISHIS HONORHONOR OCTAVIANOCTAVIAN AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS CAESARCAESAR AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS ANDAND LIVIALIVIA DIEDDIED SOSO TIBERIUSTIBERIUS COULDCOULD BEBE EMPEROREMPEROR ■ MARCELLUS(JULIA’SMARCELLUS(JULIA’S FIRSTFIRST HUSBAND)HUSBAND) FOODFOOD POISONPOISON ■ DRUSUSDRUSUS TIBERIUSTIBERIUS BROTHERBROTHER GANGRENEGANGRENE ■ AGRIPPA(OLDAGRIPPA(OLD AGE)AGE) ■ JULIA(EXILEDJULIA(EXILED ANDAND DIES)DIES) ■ CAIUSCAIUS CAESAR(BOATCAESAR(BOAT ACCIDENT)ACCIDENT) ■ LUCIUSLUCIUS CAESAR(POISON)CAESAR(POISON) ■ AGRIPPAAGRIPPA POSTUMUS(STABBED)POSTUMUS(STABBED) ■ AUGUSTUS(OLDAUGUSTUS(OLD AGEAGE OROR POISON?)POISON?) Marcellus Marcellus DEAD Marcellus DEAD DEAD Marcellus DEAD DRUSUS AGRIPPA 38 -9 B.C 63-12 B.C. DEAD DEAD Marcellus DEAD DRUSUS AGRIPPA 38-9 B.C 63-12 B.C. DEAD DEAD DEAD L.CAESAR 17 B.C-2 A.D. Marcellus DEAD DRUSUS AGRIPPA 38-9 B.C 63-12 B.C. DEAD DEAD C. CAESAR DEAD L.CAESAR 20 B.C.-4 A.D. 17 B.C-2 A.D. Marcellus DEAD DRUSUS AGRIPPA 38-9 B.C 63-12 B.C. DEAD DEAD DIES C. CAESAR DEAD L.CAESAR 20 B.C.-4 A.D. 17 B.C-2 A.D. Marcellus DEAD DIES/POISONED DRUSUS AGRIPPA 38-9 B.C 63-12 B.C. DEAD DEAD DIES C. CAESAR DEAD L.CAESAR 20 B.C.-4 A.D. 17 B.C-2 A.D. Marcellus DEAD DIES/POISONED DRUSUS AGRIPPA TIBERIUS 38-9 B.C 63-12 B.C. 42 B.C.- DEAD DEAD 37 A.D. DIES C. CAESAR DEAD L.CAESAR AGRIPPA POSTUMUS 20 B.C.-4 A.D. 17 B.C-2 A.D. MURDERED TIBERIUSTIBERIUS ■ 4242 BCE-37ADBCE-37AD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 14AD-37AD14AD-37AD ■ FIRSTFIRST LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP TRANSITIONTRANSITION ININ 100100 YEARSYEARS WITHOUTWITHOUT WARWAR ■ TAXTAX REFORMREFORM ■ DEFEATEDDEFEATED GERMANSGERMANS ■ ISLANDISLAND OFOF CAPRICAPRI ■ CONSPIRACYCONSPIRACY OFOF SEJANUSSEJANUS ■ CONSPIRACYCONSPIRACY OFOF MACROMACRO TIBERIUSTIBERIUS CLAUDIUSCLAUDIUS NERONERO CAESARCAESAR Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS 13 B.C.-23 A.D. AFFAIR SEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIAN COMMANDER Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS 13 B.C.-23 A.D. AFFAIR SEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIAN COMMANDER GERMANICUS 25 B.C.-18 A.D. POISONED Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS 13 B.C.-23 A.D. AFFAIR SEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIAN COMMANDER GERMANICUS 25 B.C.-18 A.D. POISONED NERO 6-30 A.D. DIES Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS 13 B.C.-23 A.D. AFFAIR SEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIAN COMMANDER GERMANICUS 25 B.C.-18 A.D. POISONED NERO DRUSUS 6-30 A.D. 7-33 A.D. DIES DIES Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS LIVILLA 13 B.C.-23 A.D. KILLED AFFAIR SEJANUSSEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIANPRAETORIAN COMMANDERCOMMANDER MURDERED GERMANICUS 25 B.C.-18 A.D. POISONED NERO DRUSUS 6-30 A.D. 7-33 A.D. DIES DIES Marcellus TIBERIUS 42 B.C. 37 A.D. DRUSUS LIVILLA 13 B.C.-23 A.D. KILLED AFFAIR SEJANUSSEJANUS POISONED PRAETORIANPRAETORIAN COMMANDERCOMMANDER MURDERED TIBERIUS MACRO SMOTHERED BY MACRO PRAETORIAN COMMANDER GERMANICUS 25 B.C.-18 A.D. POISONED NERO DRUSUS 6-30 A.D. 7-33 A.D. DIES DIES CALIGULACALIGULA ■ 1212 AD-41AD-41 ADAD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 37AD-41AD37AD-41AD ■ ““LITTLELITTLE BOOTS”BOOTS” ■ BECAMEBECAME DERANGEDDERANGED ININ 38AD38AD ■ DECLAREDDECLARED HIMSELFHIMSELF AA GODGOD ■ ASSASSINATEDASSASSINATED BYBY GUARDSGUARDS LEDLED BYBY CASSIUSCASSIUS CHAEREACHAEREA GAIUSGAIUS CAESARCAESAR AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS GERMANICUSGERMANICUS Marcellus MACRO PRAETORIAN COMMANDER TIBERIUS GEMELLUS 19-37 A.D. BEHEAD4ED GAIUS CALIGULA 12 - 41 A.D. Marcellus MACRO PRAETORIAN COMMANDER GAIUS CALIGULA 12 - 41 A.D. INCIDENTSINCIDENTS ININ CALIGULA’SCALIGULA’S LIFELIFE ■ HELPEDHELPED TOTO KILLKILL HISHIS FATHERFATHER GERMANICUS(POISON)GERMANICUS(POISON) ■ KILLEDKILLED HISHIS CO-RULERCO-RULER GEMELLUSGEMELLUS ■ KILLEDKILLED HISHIS SISTERSISTER ■ TURNEDTURNED THETHE SENATESENATE INTOINTO AA HOUSEHOUSE OFOF PROSTITUTIONPROSTITUTION ■ FOUGHTFOUGHT AA WARWAR WITHWITH NEPTUNENEPTUNE ■ NAMEDNAMED AA HORSEHORSE SENATORSENATOR ANDAND NEARLYNEARLY MADEMADE ITIT CO-RULERCO-RULER ■ GERMANGERMAN BODYBODY GUARDGUARD Marcellus SENATORS AND PRAETORIANS GAIUS CALIGULA 12 - 41 A.D. MURDERED Marcellus SELECTED BY PRAETORIAN GUARD CLAUDIUS 10 B.C. 54 A.D. CLAUDIUSCLAUDIUS ■ 10BCE-5410BCE-54 ADAD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 41AD-54AD41AD-54AD ■ BUILTBUILT CLAUDIANCLAUDIAN AQUEDUCTAQUEDUCT ■ PUTPUT DOWNDOWN AA REVOLTREVOLT ININ BRITAINBRITAIN ■ WARSWARS ININ GERMANYGERMANY ANDAND SYRIASYRIA ■ WROTEWROTE SEVERALSEVERAL WORKSWORKS NOWNOW LOSTLOST ■ POISONEDPOISONED BYBY HISHIS FOURTHFOURTH WIFEWIFE AGRIPPINAAGRIPPINA TIBERIUSTIBERIUS CLAUDIUSCLAUDIUS CAESARCAESAR AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS GERMANICUSGERMANICUS MESSALINIAMESSALINIA ANDAND AGRIPPINAAGRIPPINA CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY JESUSJESUS CHRISTIANCHRISTIAN PERSECUTIONSPERSECUTIONS BETHLEHEMBETHLEHEM NERONERO ■ 3737 AD-AD- 6868 ADAD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 54AD-68AD54AD-68AD ■ BELIEVEDBELIEVED HEHE WASWAS AA GREATGREAT MUSICIANMUSICIAN ■ BURNEDBURNED ROMEROME ■ BEGANBEGAN CHRISTIANCHRISTIAN PERSECUTIONSPERSECUTIONS ■ OVERTHROWNOVERTHROWN ININ AA MILITARYMILITARY REVOLTREVOLT ANDAND KILLEDKILLED HIMSELFHIMSELF NERONERO CLAUDIUSCLAUDIUS CAESARCAESAR AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS GERMANICUSGERMANICUS AGRIPPINAAGRIPPINA ANDAND POPPAEAPOPPAEA KILLEDKILLED ■ MOTHERMOTHER AGRIPPINAAGRIPPINA ■ BRITANNICUSBRITANNICUS HISHIS BROTHERBROTHER ■ OCTAVIAOCTAVIA HISHIS WIFEWIFE ■ POPPAEAPOPPAEA HISHIS MISTRESSMISTRESS WIFEWIFE ■ SENECASENECA HISHIS TEACHERTEACHER ADVISORADVISOR ■ BURNEDBURNED ROMEROME ■ PERSECUTEDPERSECUTED CHRISTIANSCHRISTIANS ■ KILLEDKILLED PETERPETER ANDAND PAULPAUL IMPERIALIMPERIAL ROMEROME ROMANROMAN GAMESGAMES GLADIATINGGLADIATING CHARIOTCHARIOT RACINGRACING BEASTBEAST HUNTINGHUNTING GLADIATINGGLADIATING ■ BEGANBEGAN ASAS AA ETRUSCANETRUSCAN FUNERALFUNERAL RITERITE ■ ROMANSROMANS CREATEDCREATED AA WAYWAY TOTO MAKEMAKE THETHE EVENTSEVENTS MOREMORE FREQUENTFREQUENT ■ FOUGHTFOUGHT ININ PAIRS,PAIRS, GROUPS,GROUPS, UNLIMITEDUNLIMITED VARIATIONSVARIATIONS ■ LONDONIUMLONDONIUM MOSTMOST DISTANTDISTANT GLADIATORGLADIATOR STADIUM(STADIUM( MADEMADE OFOF WOOD)WOOD) ■ WOODENWOODEN SWORDSWORD ■ THUMBSTHUMBS UPUP THUMBSTHUMBS DOWN,DOWN, WAVEWAVE AA WHITEWHITE CLOTHCLOTH ■ FLAMMAFLAMMA THETHE MOSTMOST FAMOUSFAMOUS GLADIATORGLADIATOR TURNEDTURNED DOWNDOWN THETHE WOODENWOODEN SWORDSWORD 55 TIMESTIMES COLOSSEUMCOLOSSEUM BUILTBUILT 70-8070-80 A.DA.D GLADIATINGGLADIATING STOPPEDSTOPPED 404404 A.D.A.D. ANIMALANIMAL HUNTSHUNTS STOPPEDSTOPPED 500500 A.D.A.D. COLOSSEUMCOLOSSEUM ■ 157157 FEETFEET HIGHHIGH ■ 620620 FEETFEET LONGLONG ■ 512512 FEETFEET WIDEWIDE ■ 8080 ENTRANCESENTRANCES ■ 50,00050,000 SPECTATORSSPECTATORS ■ BUILTBUILT BYBY EMPERORSEMPERORS VESPASIAN,VESPASIAN, TITUS,TITUS, ANDAND DOMITIANDOMITIAN CHARIOTCHARIOT RACINGRACING ■ STARTED BY GREEKS ■ 2,4,8, HORSE CHARIOTS ■ 7 LAPS(3,976 METERS IN CIRCUS MAXIMUS ■ ALBA LINEA(WHITE LINE) ■ DIOCLES MOST FAMOUS CHARIOTEER 4,257 RACES WON 1462 RETIRED AT AGE 45 ■ INCITATUS THE MOST FAMOUS HORSE, MADE A SENATOR BY CALIGULA AND NEARLY MADE CO-RULER OF ROME ■ RACING FACTIONS RED,GREEN, BLUE AND YELLOW CIRCUSCIRCUS MAXIMUSMAXIMUS FIRSTFIRST BUILTBUILT 530530 B.C.EB.C.E FINALFINAL STONESTONE CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION 6464 A.D.A.D. CIRCUSCIRCUS MAXIMUSMAXIMUS ■ BUILTBUILT FIRSTFIRST OFOF WOODWOOD LATERLATER MADEMADE OFOF STONESTONE ■ 600600 METERSMETERS LONGLONG ■ 200200 METERSMETERS WIDEWIDE ■ SEATEDSEATED 100,000100,000 PEOPLEPEOPLE BEASTBEAST HUNTINGHUNTING ■ BEASTS FIGHTING BEASTS ■ MAN AGAINST BEAST ■ BEAST HUNTER PROPER WAS A MAN DRESSED IN A UNIFORM AND ARMED ■ VENATOR BEST FIGHTERS SOMETIMES FOUGHT WITHOUT WEAPONS ■ SELURUS WAS FIRST MAN FEED TO ANIMALS ■ CAROPHOROUS MOST WELL KNOWN VENATOR POMPEIIPOMPEII 7979 A.D.A.D. THETHE CITIZENSCITIZENS THETHE GOODGOOD EMPERORSEMPERORS NERVANERVA ■ 30AD-98AD30AD-98AD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 96AD-98AD96AD-98AD ■ GAVEGAVE LANDLAND TOTO URBANURBAN POORPOOR ■ REPAIREDREPAIRED ROADSROADS ANDAND AQUEDUCTSAQUEDUCTS ■ TROUBLETROUBLE WITHWITH ARMYARMY ■ PRAETORIANPRAETORIAN REVOLTREVOLT ■ SELECTEDSELECTED THETHE NEXTNEXT RULERRULER WHOWHO WASWAS POPULARPOPULAR WITHWITH THETHE PEOPLEPEOPLE ANDAND THETHE ARMYARMY IMPERATORIMPERATOR NERVANERVA CAESARCAESAR AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS TRAJANTRAJAN ■ 53AD-117AD53AD-117AD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 98-117AD98-117AD ■ SUBDUEDSUBDUED THETHE DACIANSDACIANS ■ BUILTBUILT TRAJAN’STRAJAN’S COLUMNCOLUMN ■ FOUGHTFOUGHT PARTHIAPARTHIA ■ GREATGREAT BUILDERBUILDER ■ EXPANDEDEXPANDED ROMEROME TOTO ITSITS MAXIMUMMAXIMUM BORDERSBORDERS IMPERATORIMPERATOR CAESARCAESAR DIVIDIVI NERVAENERVAE FILIUSFILIUS NERVANERVA TRAJANUSTRAJANUS HADRIANHADRIAN ■ 76AD-138AD76AD-138AD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 117-138117-138 ■ BUILTBUILT WALLSWALLS TOTO STOPSTOP INVADERSINVADERS ■ FOUNDEDFOUNDED ADRIANOPLEADRIANOPLE ■ BUILTBUILT PANTHEONPANTHEON ■ REDUCEDREDUCED TAXESTAXES ■ REORGANIZEDREORGANIZED THETHE ARMYARMY IMPERATORIMPERATOR CAESARCAESAR TRAJANUSTRAJANUS HADRIANUSHADRIANUS AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS ANTONINUSANTONINUS PIUSPIUS ■ 86AD-161AD86AD-161AD ■ EMPEROREMPEROR 138AD-161138AD-161 ADAD ■ INTERNALINTERNAL PEACEPEACE ■ ECONOMICECONOMIC PROSPERITYPROSPERITY ■ ENCOURAGEDENCOURAGED ARTART ANDAND LEARNINGLEARNING ■ INTRODUCEDINTRODUCED LAWSLAWS TOTO PROTECTPROTECT SLAVESSLAVES FROMFROM ABUSEABUSE IMPERATORIMPERATOR TITUSTITUS AELIUSAELIUS CAESARCAESAR HADRIANUSHADRIANUS ANTONINUSANTONINUS AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS PIUSPIUS MARCUSMARCUS AURELIUSAURELIUS ■ 121 AD-180 AD ■ EMPEROR 161AD-180AD ■ PHILOSOPHER EMPEROR ■ “MEDITATIONS” ■ DEFENDED ROME AGAINST, PARTHIA,AND GERMAN BARBARIANS ■ OUTBREAK OF PLAGUE IN ROME ■ OPPOSED CHRISTIANITY ■ AURELIUS CHOSE HIS SON OVER A QUALIFIED LEADER IMPERATORIMPERATOR CAESARCAESAR MARCUSMARCUS AURELIUSAURELIUS ANTONINUSANTONINUS AUGUSTUSAUGUSTUS .