Literature Review of Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean August 2004 This report was made possible through support provided by the Office of Women in Development, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade, USAID, and was written by Pamela Sumner Coffey for Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) under the terms of Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00017-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. Pamela Sumner Coffey, Team Leader Amy Vallance Phariss, Consultant Tamar Renaud, Consultant Implemented by 7250 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 200, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Tel: (301) 718-8699 Fax: (301) 718-7968 Email: [email protected] i FOREWORD The USAID Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), through the USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, Office of Women in Development (EGAT/WID), commissioned a literature review to identify, annotate, and synthesize research studies and available project/intervention reviews and assessments related to trafficking in persons for labor and sexual exploitation in the LAC region, with a particular focus on prostitution and domestic servitude in Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, and Paraguay. The review was conducted under the Short-Term Technical Assistance and Research under EGAT/WID management to Support USAID/Washington and Field Mission Anti - Trafficking Activities Project (GEW-I-00-02-00017-00, Task Order 1 [ATTO], managed by Development Alternatives, Inc.). The literature search and review were conducted from May 2004 to July 2004 and were limited to available publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese produced between 1995 and the present. These included both published and unpublished materials and included articles, research studies, and reports of programmatic interventions related to trafficking. The regional review did not provide for any field input at this stage. The authors of the literature review wish to thank the USAID Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, especially Maria Elena Barron and Steven Hendrix, for providing the support, background information, and feedback needed to conduct the literature review. The authors also express their gratitude to persons at organizations working in Latin America and the Caribbean for providing documentation and information related to trafficking phenomena in the region. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 LITERATURE ON THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR PURPOSES OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ......................................................................3 2.1.1 Literature on the Nature and Extent of Trafficking of Adult Females for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation ...............................................................3 2.1.2 Literature on the Nature and Extent of Trafficking of Children for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation .....................................................................6 2.2 LITERATURE ON CHILD SOLDIERS ..................................................................................7 2.3 LITERATURE ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR FORCED LABOR ...................................9 2.3.1 Literature on Domestic Labor........................................................................9 2.3.2 Literature on Agricultural Labor.....................................................................9 2.4 LITERATURE ON TRAFFICKING AND MIGRATION..........................................................10 2.5 LITERATURE ON INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL, AND CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSES TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING ......................................................................................11 ANNEX 1: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1-1 ANNEX 2: ORGANIZATIONS WORKING ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2-1 ANNEX 3: LAC TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP) STATUS CHART 3-1 ANNEX 4: SCOPE OF WORK 4-1 iv v ACRONYMS ACSUR Association for Cooperation with the South ALAI America Latina en Movimiento BID/IADB Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo/Inter-American Development Bank CATW Coalition Against Trafficking in Women CBIA Center for Childhood and Adolescents (Brazilian) CECRIA Centro de Refêrncia, Estudos E Ações Sobre Crianças e Adolescentes CELADE Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe CDI Center for Defense Information CIM Inter-American Commission of Women CNI National Confederation of Industry (Confederacao Nacional da Industria) CODENI Federación Coordinadora Nicaragüense de ONGs que trabajan con la Niñez y la Adolescencia CPMI Joint Parliamentary Investigating Commission CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSEC Commercial sexual exploitation of children CSEM Commercial sexual exploitation of minors CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies DAD/ INTERPOL Department of Security Administration - INTERPOL DCI Defense for Children International DDR Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration DIF National System for the Integral Development of the Family DR Dominican Republic ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography, and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EMBRATUR Brazilian Tourist Board/Ministry of Industry and Commerce EZLN Zapatista Army of National Liberation FNUAP Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GERTRAF Executive Group for the Abolition of Forced Labor (Brazil) GBV Gender-based violence HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HRW Human Rights Watch IACI/IIN Inter-American Children’s Institute/Instituto Interamericano del Niño IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICRI International Child Resource Institute IDP Internally displaced person IGO International governmental organization ILAB Bureau of International Labor Affairs (U.S. Department of Labor) vi ILANUD United Nations Latin American Institute for the Prevention of Crimes and the Treatment of Offenders ILO International Labour Organization IOM/OIM International Organization for Migration/Organización Internacional para las Migraciones IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour LAC Latin America and the Caribbean LASA Latin American Studies Association NGO/ONG Nongovernmental organization/Organización nongobernamental LASA Latin American Studies Association OAS Organization of American States OIT Organización Internacional del Trabajo OMCT World Organization Against Torture RECRIA National Network of Information on Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents RROCM Red Régional de Organizaciones Civiles para las Migraciones STD Sexually transmitted disease TIP Trafficking in persons TVPA Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (U.S.) UN United Nations UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session UNODC United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women USAID U.S. Agency for International Development vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This literature review of documents addressing trafficking in persons in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) found numerous works on the subject of sex trafficking of children (also referred to as commercial sexual exploitation of children, or CSEC); general overviews of sex trafficking within the region; descriptions of institutional, legal, and civil society responses to combat sex trafficking, and linkages between migration patterns and human trafficking. Most of the reviewed documents deal with issues surrounding trafficking in children for purposes of sexual exploitation; relatively few comprehensively address the nature and extent of trafficking in women or other forms of trafficking such as domestic servitude, forced labor, and military service. This largely reflects observations within the literature that children are the most vulnerable group to trafficking in LAC. This is also indicative of the fact that, with some notable exceptions, relatively few programs in LAC countries directly address trafficking of women for sexual exploitation and trafficking in persons for other forms of exploitation. There is a slightly more established group of child protection research studies and corresponding prevention, assistance, and protection programs that address child trafficking and related exploitation within individual LAC countries. Compared with research on trafficking of women for purposes of sexual exploitation in Asia and Europe, relatively little research has focused on the nature and extent of trafficking of women in the LAC region. Few documents on sex trafficking of adult females contain in- depth descriptions and case studies regarding the nature and extent of this form of trafficking—either on a regional, subregional, or country basis. However, the literature that does exist on this topic reveals fairly consistent patterns and trafficking trends. The studies show that women trafficked for sexual exploitation are mainly trafficked for prostitution, but sometimes also for pornography and stripping. The literature reveals that the last decade has seen a notable increase in the transnational and internal trafficking of women from LAC; women are trafficked between continents, regions,