Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2013-2014 Het principe van strict liability in de strijd tegen doping Een moeilijke balans tussen de rechten van de sporter en een antidopingbeleid Masterproef van de opleiding ‘Master in de rechten’ Ingediend door Matthias De Kimpe (studentennr. 00901293) Promotor: An Vermeersch Commissaris: Tom Balthazar 1 Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Doping !? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Voorgeschiedenis .............................................................................................................................. 10 3. World Anti-Doping Agency ............................................................................................................ 13 4. World Anti-Doping Code ............................................................................................................... 18 Nieuwe Code ..................................................................................................................................... 19 5. Wat is doping? ............................................................................................................................... 28 Doping abstract of praktisch definiëren? .......................................................................................... 29 Redenen voor het verbod op doping ................................................................................................ 30 6. Strict Liability ................................................................................................................................. 36 Principe .............................................................................................................................................. 36 John Rylands and Jehu Horrocks v Thomas Fletcher......................................................................... 36 In het continental recht? ................................................................................................................... 39 In het sportrecht................................................................................................................................ 40 7. Modified strict liability .................................................................................................................. 42 8. In verband met de mensenrechten ............................................................................................... 45 Advies Jean-Paul Costa ...................................................................................................................... 45 Wat met art. 6, §2 EVRM? ................................................................................................................. 50 9. Verdedigingsmogelijkheden .......................................................................................................... 53 10. Rechtspraak TAS in verband met Strict Liability ........................................................................ 56 1. Quigley ....................................................................................................................................... 56 2. Jessica K. Foschi ......................................................................................................................... 58 Feiten ............................................................................................................................................. 58 Voorafgaande procedures ............................................................................................................. 58 Beslissing TAS ................................................................................................................................ 59 3. Andreea Raducan ...................................................................................................................... 61 Feiten ............................................................................................................................................. 61 Beslissing TAS ................................................................................................................................ 61 4. Alejandro Valverde Belmonte ................................................................................................... 62 Feiten ............................................................................................................................................. 62 Beslissing TAS ................................................................................................................................ 63 Beroep WADA en UCI ........................................................................................................................ 64 Feiten ............................................................................................................................................. 64 Procedure voor het TAS ................................................................................................................ 65 Beslissing TAS ................................................................................................................................ 66 5. Floyd Landis ............................................................................................................................... 69 2 Positieve test ................................................................................................................................. 69 Procedure voor het USADA ........................................................................................................... 69 Procedure voor het TAS ................................................................................................................ 69 6. Alberto Contador Velasco ......................................................................................................... 70 Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................. 70 Clenbuterol .................................................................................................................................... 74 Tour 2010 en positieve test ........................................................................................................... 74 Procedure in Spanje voor het CNCDD ........................................................................................... 75 Procedure voor het Tribunal Arbitral du Sport ............................................................................. 76 Beslissing TAS ................................................................................................................................ 80 Vergelijking met Breyne – Rogers ................................................................................................. 87 7. Iljo Keisse ................................................................................................................................... 89 Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................. 89 Positieve dopingtest ...................................................................................................................... 90 Procedure voor het TAS ................................................................................................................ 93 8. Veronica Campbell-Brown....................................................................................................... 105 Feiten ........................................................................................................................................... 105 Voorafgaande procedures ........................................................................................................... 106 Beslissing TAS .............................................................................................................................. 106 11. Zaak Leukemans ...................................................................................................................... 108 12. Alternatieven ........................................................................................................................... 110 a. Threshold ................................................................................................................................. 110 b. Vrijheid van dopinggebruik ..................................................................................................... 110 c. ‘Normale’ bewijsregeling ........................................................................................................ 111 13. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 112 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................................... 114 Wetgeving ....................................................................................................................................... 114 Regelgeving ....................................................................................................................................