BI 5103 FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI (Integrative Physiology) Core Principle 5: Structure/Function Relationships (Konsep Inti 5 : Hubungan antara Struktur dan Fungsi) Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 1 Why Structure/Function Relationships Understanding the behavior of an organism requires understanding the relationship between structure and function (at each and every level of organization). Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 2 To understand the behavior of the organism requires understanding the relationship between the structure and function of the organism. The structure of the organism both enables particular functions (makes them possible and determines the magnitude of what happens) and constrains functions (limits what can happen and the magnitude of what happens). Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 3 Sub Topics A. The three-dimensional structure of cells and tissues is a determinant of the functions of the cell and tissue B. Surface area is a determinant of the movement of all substances; hence, the surface area (and the surfaceto-volume ratio) is a determinant of function. C. All physical objects (cells, tissues, and organs) exhibit elastic recoil, which contributes to determining function. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 4 A. The three-dimensional structure of cells and tissues is a determinant of the functions of the cell and tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 5 An animal cell Smooth endoplasmic Nucleus reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Flagellum Not in most Lysosome plant cells Centriole Ribosomes Peroxisome Golgi Microtubule apparatus Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Mitochondrion Sem I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 6 Figure 20.4 Apical surface of Basal epithelium lamina Underlying tissue Cell nuclei Simple squamous Pseudostratified epithelium ciliated columnar epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Figure 20.5 White blood cells Red blood Central cell canal Plasma Cell Blood Matrix nucleus Bone- Collagen forming fiber Bone cells Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue Cartilage- (under the skin) forming cells Cell nucleus Fat droplets Matrix Collagen fibers Cartilage (at the end Fibrous connective of a bone) tissue (forming a tendon) Adipose tissue Figure 20.6 Muscle fiber Junction between Unit of Muscle two cells muscle fiber Nucleus contraction (cell) Muscle Cardiac Nuclei fiber muscle Nucleus Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Figure 20.8 Small intestine Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (two layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Rough endoplasmic Nucleus reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Microtubule Central Not in vacuole Intermediate Cytoskeleton animal filament cells Chloroplast Microfilament Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Sem I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 11 Figure 31.3 Terminal bud Blade Leaf Flower Petiole Axillary bud Stem Shoot system Node Epidermal cell Internode Taproot Root Root hairs Root hair system Root hairs B. Surface area is a determinant of the movement of all substances; hence, the surface area (and the surfaceto-volume ratio) is a determinant of function. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 13 10 µm 30 µm 30 µm 10 µm Surface area Total surface area of one large cube of 27 small cubes = 5,400 µm2 = 16,200 µm2 C. All physical objects (cells, tissues, and organs) exhibit elastic recoil, which contributes to determining function. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 15 Esophageal sphincter (contracted) Bolus of food Muscles contract, Bolus of constricting passageway food and pushing bolus down Muscles relax, allowing passageway to open Stomach CONTEXT WITHIN PHYSIOLOGY This “core principle” is, on one level, a fairly abstract statement of the obvious interaction between the way in which the pieces of a mechanism are assembled into a system and the functions that the system can carry out. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 17 However, it also describes several very specific examples of commonalities that extend across many different physiological systems. For example, when two systems carry out similar functions, certain features of their structure can be expected to be similar. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 18 EXAMPLE Gas exchange in the lungs and absorption of the products of digestion in the small intestine occur (in the latter case, only in part) by the process of passive diffusion. To maximize the flux of material across a membrane, there must be a large surface area available, and the thickness of the barrier to diffusion must be minimized. In both examples cited, these conditions are present as a result of the structure of the respective systems. Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 19 Vein Lumen of intestine with blood Lumen of intestine en route to Nutrient Nutrient absorption the liver absorption into epithelial cells Microvilli Epithelial Amino Fatty cells acids acids and and sugars glycerol Muscle Lumen layers Fats Blood Large capillaries circular folds Lymph Villi vessel Blood Nutrient Lymph absorption Epithelial cells Villi lining villus Intestinal wall Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 20 To the From the heart heart Nasal cavity Oxygen-rich Left lung blood Oxygen-poor blood Pharynx (Esophagus) Bronchiole Larynx Trachea Right lung CO2 O2 Bronchus Bronchiole Alveoli Diaphragm Blood capillaries (Heart) Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 21 Epithelial Tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 22 Apical surface of Basal epithelium lamina Underlying tissue Cell nuclei Simple squamous Pseudostratified epithelium ciliated columnar epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 23 Connective Tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 24 White blood cells Red blood Central cell canal Plasma Cell Blood Matrix nucleus Bone- Collagen forming fiber Bone cells Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue Cartilage- (under the skin) forming cells Cell nucleus Fat droplets Matrix Collagen fibers Cartilage (at the end Fibrous connective of a bone) tissue (forming a tendon) Adipose tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 25 Muscle Tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 26 Muscle fiber Junction between Unit of Muscle two cells muscle fiber Nucleus contraction (cell) Muscle Cardiac Nuclei fiber muscle Nucleus Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 27 Small intestine Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (two layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 28 Respiratory Surface Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 29 Cross section of the respiratory surface (the outer skin) CO2 O2 Capillaries Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 30 Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Lamella Water flow Blood vessels Operculum (gill cover) Gill arch Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in a lamella Countercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O2 Gill filaments 100 70 40 15 Diffusion of O2 from water 80 60 30 5 to blood Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O2 Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 31 Tracheae Air sacs Tracheoles Opening for air Body cell Air Tracheole sac Trachea Body wall O2 CO2 Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 32 To the From the heart heart Nasal cavity Oxygen-rich Left lung blood Oxygen-poor blood Pharynx (Esophagus) Bronchiole Larynx Trachea Right lung CO2 O2 Bronchus Bronchiole Alveoli Diaphragm Blood capillaries (Heart) Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 33 Morphology Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 34 Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 35 The explanation relates to hairs, called setae, on the gecko’s toes – They are arranged in rows – Each seta ends in many split ends called spatulae, which have rounded tips Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 36 Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 37 Shark Seal Penguin Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 38 Eudicot leaf Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Vein Phloem Mesophyll Guard cells Lower epidermis Stoma Sheath Eudicot stem Monocot stem Vascular Vascular bundle bundle Cortex Pith Epidermis Epidermis Eudicot root Monocot root Vascular Xylem Phloem cylinder Phloem Vascular Xylem cylinder Central core of cells Epidermis Epidermis Key Cortex Cortex Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Endodermis Endodermis Vascular tissue system Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 39 Eudicot leaf Cuticle Upper Xylem epidermis Vein Phloem Mesophyll Guard cells Lower Stoma epidermis Sheath Key Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 40 Pits Secondary cell wall Fiber cells Primary cell wall Fiber Secondary Sclereid cell wall cells Primary Pits cell wall Sclereid Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 41 Pits Tracheids Vessel element Pits Openings in end wall Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 42 Sieve-tube element Sieve plate Companion cell Primary cell wall Cytoplasm 15 m Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 43 Vascular cylinder Cortex Root hair Epidermis Zone of differentiation Cellulose Zone of fibers elongation Zone of cell division (including apical meristem) Root cap Key Dermal Ground Vascular tissue system tissue system tissue system Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 44 Year 1 Year 1 Year 2 Early Spring Late Summer Late Summer Shed epidermis Primary xylem Epidermis Secondary xylem (wood) Vascular Cork cambium Secondary xylem Cortex Vascular Cork Bark (2 years’ growth) Primary cambium cambium phloem Secondary phloem Key Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 45 .