WYE COLLEGE, WYE, KENT March 2017 NGR: 6055 1469 Conditions of Release This document has been prepared for the titled project, or named part thereof, and should not be relied on or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd being obtained. Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person by whom it was commissioned. This document has been produced for the purpose of assessment and evaluation only. To the extent that this report is based on information supplied by other parties, Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd accepts no liability for any loss or damage suffered by the client, whether contractual or otherwise, stemming from any conclusions based on data supplied by parties other than Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd and used by Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd in preparing this report. This report must not be altered, truncated, précised or added to except by way of addendum and/or errata authorized and executed by Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd. All rights, including translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Canterbury Archaeological Trust Limited Canterbury Archaeological Trust Ltd 92a Broad Street, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 2LU Tel +44 (0)1227 462062 Fax +44 (0)1227 784724 email: [email protected] www.canterburytrust.co.uk CONTENTS 1 ..... INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Location, geology, and topography ...................................................................... 2 1.2 Designations .................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 The Scheduled Ancient Monument .................................................................. 4 1.2.2 The Wye Conservation Area ............................................................................ 4 1.2.3 Listed Buildings ............................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty................................................................. 5 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 The Kent Historic Environment Record ........................................................... 5 1.3.2 Previous historical and archaeological studies .................................................. 6 1.3.3 Documentary sources ....................................................................................... 6 2 ..... RESULTS BY PERIOD ......................................................................................... 8 2.1 The Stone Ages .............................................................................................. 8 2.2 The Bronze Age ............................................................................................. 9 2.3 The Iron Age ............................................................................................... 10 2.4 The Romano-British period ............................................................................. 12 2.5 The early-medieval period ............................................................................... 14 2.6 The late-medieval period ................................................................................ 16 2.6.1 Known dwellings within the PDA before 1447 ............................................. 17 2.7 The College of St Gregory and St Martin, c1447 ................................................... 18 2.7.1 The main college building ............................................................................. 19 2.7.2 Gardens and ancillary buildings .................................................................... 22 2.7.3 The chapel(?) ................................................................................................ 24 2.7.4 Late-medieval alterations to the College ........................................................ 26 2.8 The Surrender of Wye College and the late sixteenth century ................................... 26 2.8.1 Wye College as a gentry residence, mid sixteenth century to early eighteenth century 28 2.9 The seventeenth century ................................................................................. 30 2.9.1 Probable seventeenth-century alterations to the main college building ........... 30 2.10 The early eighteenth century ......................................................................... 31 2.10.1 Lady Joanna Thornhill’s School, from c1724............................................. 31 2.10.2 The Grammar School in the early eighteenth century ................................. 36 2.10.3 Michael Moon’s map of Wye, 1746 ........................................................... 37 2.10.4 The dwellings to the east of the College..................................................... 39 2.10.5 The dwellings fronting Olantigh Road ....................................................... 41 2.11 The late eighteenth century ........................................................................... 41 2.11.1 The Grammar School in the late eighteenth century ................................... 41 2.11.2 The Joanna Thornhill School in the Late eighteenth century ...................... 44 2.11.3 Late eighteenth-century maps .................................................................... 44 2.12 The nineteenth century ................................................................................ 45 2.12.1 The Grammar School in the early nineteenth century ................................. 46 2.12.2 The Joanna Thornhill School in the early nineteenth century ..................... 48 2.12.3 The tithe map of 1842 ................................................................................ 50 2.12.4 The Joanna Thornhill School in the mid nineteenth-century ....................... 52 2.12.5 The Grammar School in the mid nineteenth century .................................. 55 2.12.6 The First Edition Ordnance Survey, 1872 .................................................. 59 2.12.7 The ‘Wye College Grammar and Thornhill Schools,’ from 1878 ............... 60 2.13 The South-Eastern Agricultural College, from 1893 ............................................ 60 2.13.1 Initial alterations and additions, 1894 ........................................................ 63 2.13.2 The cottages to the east of the college purchased, 1895 .............................. 82 2.13.3 The Second Edition Ordnance Survey, 1897 .............................................. 83 2.13.4 Alterations and additions, 1900-1 .............................................................. 84 2.13.5 Alterations and additions of 1903 .............................................................. 89 2.13.6 Houses to the north of the college, 1904 .................................................... 92 2.13.7 The artesian well sold, 1905 ...................................................................... 92 2.13.8 The additions of 1905 to 1906 ................................................................... 92 2.13.9 The Third Edition Ordnance Survey, 1908 ................................................. 96 2.13.10 The additions of 1911-12 ....................................................................... 96 2.13.11 The Front Quad completed, 1914 ........................................................... 99 2.13.12 Alterations and additions to the 1903 workshops, 1914 ........................ 101 2.13.13 The First World War ............................................................................ 101 2.13.14 The botanical laboratory enlarged, c1919? ........................................... 102 2.13.15 An addition within the North Quad, 1925 ............................................. 102 2.13.16 The college enlarged northwards, from the 1920s................................. 104 2.13.17 The squash racquet courts, 1931 ........................................................... 105 2.13.18 An aerial view, early 1930s .................................................................. 107 2.13.19 The 1933 Ordnance Survey .................................................................. 108 2.13.20 Ground and first-floor plans of the main college buildings, 1934.......... 109 2.13.21 The Guinness Research Laboratory, 1935 ............................................ 111 2.13.22 The Second World War ........................................................................ 111 2.13.23 An early post-war aerial photograph .................................................... 112 2.13.24 A boiler house and chimney, 1946? ...................................................... 113 2.13.25 The Dining Hall, 1954 ......................................................................... 114 2.13.26 A mid twentieth-century aerial photograph .......................................... 115 2.13.27 The swimming pool, 1961 .................................................................... 116 2.13.28 Science laboratories and a new lecture theatre, early 1960s .................. 117 2.13.29 An aerial photograph of the early 1960s ..............................................