Rainer Dormels (2014) Profiles of the cities of DPR Korea – Wonsan This work was supported by the Academy of Korean Studies (KSPS) Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE) (AKS-2011-BAA-2105) Find an introduction to the project at http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/index.php?id=digital-north-korea0 This work has been published as a chapter in: Rainer Dormels (2014): North Korea's Cities. Jimoondang. Seoul. IV.2.26. Wonsan Capital of Kangwon Province (North) :RQVDQLVWKHFDSLWDORIWKH.DQJZRQ3URYLQFHRIWKH'35.RUHD$SURYLQFHZLWKWKH VDPHQDPHH[LVWVLQ6RXWK.RUHDDVZHOO:RQVDQ0XQFKRQDQGWKHLUVXUURXQGLQJVZHUH RULJLQDOO\SDUWVRIWKH+DPQDP3URYLQFH6LQFHWKRXJKWKH\EHORQJWR.DQJZRQ Table Wonsan-I. Basic data Population 363,127 (Rank 5) Area 314 km² (Rank 19) Population density 1156 I./km² (Rank 7) Administrative units 45 dong /14 ri (76%) (Rank 9) “Urban” population/“rural” population 90.5%/9.5% (Rank 5) 7KHEXLOWXSXUEDQDUHDRI:RQVDQ ERUGHUVRQWKHKLOOVRI-DQJGǂNVDQDQGWKH 7RQJP\ǂQJVDQ DQGKDVGHYHORSHG IURP6RXWKWR1RUWKDORQJWKHHORQJDWHG FRDVW2ULJLQDOO\:RQVDQFRQVLVWHGRIWZR SDUWV %HIRUHWKHRSHQLQJRIWKHSRUWE\ WKH-DSDQHVH:RQVDQFRQVLVWHGRQO\RI DSRRUILVKLQJDQGIDUPLQJYLOODJH,Q WKLVYLOODJHDOUHDG\FRXQWHG UHVLGHQWVLQKRPHV,WZDVDELJ YLOODJHZLWKDYHU\ODUJHVTXDUHLQWKH Figure Wonsan-I. Wonsan (according to an official plan); (Source: Lautensach 1945, 298) FHQWHURQZKLFKHYHU\¿YHGD\VDPDUNHW ZDVKHOG 7KHFRQFHVVLRQDUHDRIWKH-DSDQHVHLVDERXWNPWRWKH1RUWK,WZDVORFDWHGLQ DUHHG¿HOGZKLFKZDVGUDLQHGDIWHUWKHRSHQLQJRIWKHSRUW,QWKLVSDUWRIWKHFLW\WKH SRUW:RQVDQZDVEXLOWDQGLWUHPDLQHGWKHFHQWHURIWKHFLW\XQWLOWRGD\7KHSRUWZDV 7KHPRXQWDLQZDVRULJLQDOO\QDPHG3XNPDQJVDQDQGZDVUHQDPHGLQ-DQXDU\WR7RQJP\ǂQJ VDQ7RQJP\ǂQJPHDQV³WKH(DVWLVEULJKW´:ULWWHQZLWK&KLQHVHFKDUDFWHUV3XNPDQJLVZULWWHQZLWKWKH FKDUDFWHU 䛉ZKLFKKDVDKDUPOHVVPHDQLQJDQGLVXVHGIRUPRXQWDLQQDPHV+RZHYHUWKHFKDUDFWHU ӑKDV WKHVDPHSURQXQFLDWLRQ$QGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKLVFKDUDFWHULV³VSRLOJREURNH´VRWKDW3XNPDQJZLWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJWKHFRUUHFW&KLQHVHFKDUDFWHULVQRWXVHGVLQFHWKH\DUHQRWLQFRPPRQXVHLQ1RUWK.RUHDFDQEH PLVLQWHUSUHWHGDV³WKH1RUWKLVEURNH´ ,93UR¿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¿WHGPXFKIURPWKHSRUWDQGWKHFRQFHVVLRQ DUHDLQ:RQVDQEXWIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ:RQVDQSOD\HGDPDMRUUROHDVPLOLWDU\VWUDWHJLF SRLQWV7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-DSDQHVHFRQFHVVLRQDUHDEORFNHGWKHDGYDQFHPHQWRI 5XVVLDDQGGXULQJWKH6LQR-DSDQHVH:DU:RQVDQZDVWRJHWKHUZLWK3XVDQDQG,QFKRQD EDVHIRUWKHODQGLQJRI-DSDQHVHWURRSV <XQ-ǂQJVǂS ,QDUDLOZD\OLQH NP ZDVEXLOWWKURXJKE\&KXJDU\ǂQJWHFWRQLFYDOOH\LW FRQQHFWV:RQVDQZLWK6HRXO%HIRUHWKH:ǂOODUDLOZD\OLQH :RQVDQ5DMLQ ZDVRSHQHG LQWKHSRUWRI:RQVDQZDVWKHQXPEHUSRUWRIIDYRULQ1RUWKHDVW.RUHD$IWHU RSHQLQJWKH:ǂOODOLQHLWVWDJQDWHGGXHWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHKLQWHUODQGEHFDXVHRI WKHUDSLGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSRUW&KRQJMLQ7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRILQGXVWULDOHQWHUSULVHV LQFUHDVHGWKHSRSXODWLRQLQÀX[,Q:RQVDQFRXQWHGLQKDELWDQWVLQLW ZHUHLQLWZHUHDQGLQ 6DLWVFKLNRZ Wonsan Bay :RQVDQLVVLWXDWHGLQ:RQVDQ%D\ DOVRFDOOHG<ǂQJKǎQJ%D\ ZKLFKLVVXUURXQGHGE\ WKHIRRWKLOOVDQGPRXQWDLQVRIWKH0DVLNU\ǂQJFKDLQLQWKH:HVW7KHED\LVHPEUDFHG LQWKH1RUWKE\WKHHPHUJLQJNPORQJ+RGR3HQLQVXODDQGWKHSURWUXGLQJ.DOPD 3HQLQVXODLQWKH6RXWK$ERXWODUJHDQGVPDOOLVODQGVVXFKDV0RGR7KDHGR6LQGRDQG 5\ǂGRDUHORFDWHGDWWKHED\HQWUDQFH7KHED\LV WKHUHIRUHSURWHFWHGE\DQDWXUDOEUHDNZDWHUDJDLQVW ZLQGDQGZDYHV $FKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIWKHFOLPDWHRI:RQVDQ¶V ODQGVFDSHDUHWKHIUHTXHQWIRHKQZLQGVZKLFKIDOO PDLQO\LQVSULQJDQGODWHDXWXPQIURPWKHZDUPDQG GU\SDVVHVRIWKHPDLQZDWHUVKHGLQWRWKH-DSDQHVH 6HDFRDVW7KH\DUHRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHJURZWK DQGULSHQLQJRIWKHFURSV7KHZLQWHURIWKH:RQVDQ Figure Wonsan-II. Forest area in the ri ODQGVFDSHLVPLOGHUVXPPHUVDUHDELWFRROHUWKDQDW 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV WKHFRDVWVRI7DHGRQJEDVLQWKDWDUHORFDWHGWKHVDPHODWLWXGH /DXWHQVDFK Table Wonsan-II. Climate values Annual average January temperature August temperature Precipitation 11°C (2) -2.3°C (1) 23.2°C (16) 1,426.1 mm (2) Walnuts - a special product of the city of Wonsan &XOWLYDWLRQ¿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¿VKHULHVKDVJRWWHQ ZRUVH$FFXPXODWLRQVRIULYHUVRSHQLQJLQWRWKH (DVW6HDVXFKDVWKH$QE\RQ1DPGDHFKԁQ DIIHFWHGWKHVHDLQWKH:RQVDQED\WREHFRPH IODWZKLFKKDGQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRQWKHFRDVWDO ILVKHULHVSDUWLFXODUO\VLQFHWKHPLGV &KRVXQ,OER-DQXDU\ Figure Wonsan-III. Agriculture in the ri of Wonsan city Industrial zone of the second degree :RQVDQZLWKLWVVSHFLDOL]DWLRQRQHQJLQHHULQJDQGVKLSEXLOGLQJ0XQFKRQZLWKLWVQRQ IHUURXVPHWDOVPHOWLQJIDFLOLWLHVDQG&KRQQDHNXQZLWKLWVSURGXFWLRQRIFHPHQWIRUP RQHRIWKHLQGXVWULDO]RQHVRI1RUWK.RUHD,PSRUWDQWORFDWLRQIDFWRUVIRUWKHVHLQGXVWULHV DUHWKHPLQHUDOUHVRXUFHVVXFKDVWKHFRDOILHOGRI.RZԁQVRXWKRIWKH&KRQQDHNXQ DQGOLPHVWRQHLQ&KRQQDHULRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHHOHFWULFSRZHUVXSSO\DUHWKH ,93UR¿OHVRIWKHFLWLHVRI'35.RUHD K\GURSRZHUSODQWVRI.ǎPJDQJVDQDQG-DQJMLQJDQJDQGIRULQGXVWULDOZDWHUVXSSO\WKH <ǂQJKǎQJJDQJ5HODWLYHO\JRRGWUDQVSRUWFRQQHFWLRQSURYLGHVWKHKLJKZD\EHWZHHQ 3\RQJ\DQJ:RQVDQWKH.DQJZRQUDLOZD\OLQHDQGWKHSRUWRI:RQVDQ .275$ 6LQFH:RQVDQDOVRRFFXSLHVWKHIXQFWLRQRIDFLW\RIWRXULVPFXOWXUHDQGUHFUHDWLRQ WKHLQGXVWULDO]RQHRI:RQVDQLVFODVVL¿HGE\LPSRUWDQFHDQGH[WHQWDVDVHFRQGGHJUHH LQGXVWULDO]RQH .275$ ,Q:RQVDQLPSRUWDQWFRPSDQLHVLQWKH¿HOGRIUDLOZD\FDUULDJHVVKLSEXLOGLQJWUDFWRU SURGXFWLRQDQGFKHPLVWU\DUHORFDWHG,PSRUWDQWLQGXVWULDOVHFWRUVRIWKHOLJKWLQGXVWU\DUH PDLQO\WKHWH[WLOHLQGXVWU\WKHSURGXFWLRQRIWHOHYLVLRQVWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\DQGWKHZRRG SURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\ Table Wonsan-III. Ranking (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies or cultural LQVWLWXWLRQV ) Wonsan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - 5 (27) 7 (31) 10 (19) 7 (15) 7 (46) 5 total Companies - 8 (5) 12 (3) 3 (13) 7 (20) 5 (12) important Cultural in- 5 (19) stitutions Table Wonsan-IV. Ranking (Total number of companies in relation to population) Wonsan KOFC MOU IPA KCNA KIET Summary Companies - total 3 11 11-5-7 8 13-10 8-3 Table Wonsan-V. Specification (in parenthesis: number of industrial companies) Wonsan Light Industry Heavy Industry Mining Energy KOFC 11 (7) 19 (14) 11 (1) 3 (5) MOU 6 (22) 13 (9) - - IPA 17 (7) 4 (12) - - KCNA 9 (8) 14 (5) - 10 (2) KIET 9 (21) 8 (25) - - $OWKRXJK:RQVDQLVWKHFLW\ZLWKWKH¿IWKKLJKHVWSRSXODWLRQRIWKH'35.RUHDLW UDQNVLQWKHLQGXVWULDOFRPSDQLHVUDQNLQJXVXDOO\RQWKHIXUWKHUORZHUUDQNHGSODFHV7KH IRFXVRIWKHFLW\LVRQWRXULVPVRWKLVZLOOSOD\DUROHKHUH,QWKHFLW\ERWKOLJKWDQGKHDY\ LQGXVWU\FRPSDQLHVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGVRWKDW7DEOH9:RQVDQVKRZVQRFOHDUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQ LQRQHRIWKHWZRLQGXVWULDOVHFWRUV ,QFKDSWHU,,,WZHOYHFRPSDQLHVZHUHLGHQWLILHGDVLPSRUWDQW:RQVDQ5ROOLQJ 6WRFN&RPSOH[:RQVDQ6KLS\DUG:RQVDQ6KLS5HSDLU)DFWRU\:RQVDQ&KXQJVǂQJ 1RUWK.RUHD¶V&LWLHV 7UDFWRU)DFWRU\.ǎPJDQJ0RWRU-RLQW9HQWXUH&RPSDQ\:RQVDQ(OHFWUR&DEOHV)DFWRU\ :RQVDQ&KHPLFDO)DFWRU\:RQVDQ'LVDEOHG6ROGLHUV¶(VVHQWLDO3ODVWLF*RRGV)DFWRU\ :RQVDQ6KRHV)DFWRU\:RQVDQ.QLWWLQJ0LOO:RQVDQ([SRUW*DUPHQW)DFWRU\:RQVDQ 'LVDEOHG6ROGLHUV¶%DJV)DFWRU\ ,QWKH:RQVDQ5ROOLQJ6WRFN&RPSOH[ -XQH WK 5ROOLQJ6WRFN&RPSOH[ VLWXDWHG LQWKHFLW\FHQWHULQ.DOPLGRQJPDLQO\UDLOZD\FDUULDJHVDQGIUHLJKWZDJRQVDUH PDQXIDFWXUHGRUUHSDLUHG7KHDQQXDOFDSDFLW\RIWKLVFRPSOH[LVVDLGWREHDERXW UDLOZD\FDUULDJHVDQGIUHLJKWZDJRQV2QDWRWDODUHDRIPðDSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHRSOHDUHHPSOR\HG <XQ8QJ ,QWKH.RUHDQ:DUWKHFRPSDQ\ZDV HYDFXDWHGWR+\HVDQDQGUHEXLOWDIWHUWKHZDU ,3$ 7KH:RQVDQ6KLS\DUGLQ+DHDQGRQJZDVEXLOWLQDQGUHEXLOWLQDIWHUWKH GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH.RUHDQ:DU,WLVGHGLFDWHGWRERWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWKHUHSDLURI LQWHUDOLDFDUJRVKLSVVKLSVIRUQHW¿VKLQJDQGDOONLQGVRIVKLSVIRUWKHQDY\DQGKDVD WRWDODUHDRIPðZLWKHPSOR\HHV .2)& ,QWKH:RQVDQ&KXQJVǂQJ7UDFWRU)DFWRU\RQDWRWDODUHDRIPðZLWK DSSUR[LPDWHO\HPSOR\HHVWUDFWRUVZLWK36DUHSURGXFHG .2)& 7KH.ǎPJDQJ0RWRU-RLQW9HQWXUH&RPSDQ\LVDFRPSDQ\WKDWLVVSHFLDOL]HGRQ SURGXFLQJHQJLQHVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOHTXLSPHQW,WVWDUWHGLWVRSHUDWLRQVLQ6LQFH LWLVRSHUDWLQJDVDMRLQWYHQWXUHHQWHUSULVHZLWKWKH-DSDQHVHFRPSDQ\',$67$5&2 /7'ZKLFKDFRPSDQ\WKDWLVUXQE\.RUHDQVOLYLQJLQ-DSDQ ,3$ 7KH :RQVDQ(OHFWUR&DEOHV)DFWRU\VSHFLDOL]HVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFDEOHVIRUODPSV ,3$ 7KH:RQVDQ&KHPLFDO)DFWRU\LVORFDWHGLQ-DQJFKRQGRQJDQGKDVDWRWDODUHDRI Pð7KH-DQJMLQJDQJ3RZHU6WDWLRQVXSSOLHVWKHSODQWZLWKHOHFWULFLW\,QGXVWULDO ZDWHULVSURYLGHGE\WKH1DPGDHFKǂQ7KHSODQWZDVDOUHDG\EXLOWEHIRUHDQG ZDVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFUXGHRLO,QWKHSURGXFWLRQZDVFKDQJHGWR PDQXIDFWXULQJFKURPLXPVDOWSURGXFWVDQGSKRWRJUDSKLFSDSHU .2)& 7KH :RQVDQFHPHQWIDFWRU\LVLQRSHUDWLRQVLQFHDQGKDVDWRWDODUHDRIPð ,3$ 7KH:RQVDQ*ODVV%RWWOH)DFWRU\LVIUHTXHQWO\PHQWLRQHGLQWKH.&1$ 7KH:RQVDQ'LVDEOHG6ROGLHUV¶(VVHQWLDO3ODVWLF*RRGV)DFWRU\ZDVIRXQGHGLQ DQGLQLWLDOO\VHWXSDVDFRRSHUDWLYHFRPSDQ\IRUFORWKHVPDQXIDFWXULQJ/DWHULWEHFDPHD FRPSDQ\WKDWPDLQO\SURGXFHVNLWFKHQDSSOLDQFHVDQGWRRWKEUXVKHVLQ1DPVDQGRQJ ,3$ )XUWKHUOLJKWLQGXVWU\HQWHUSULVHVDUHWKH:RQVDQ6KRHV)DFWRU\WKDW