Introduction to MASM ICT106 Fundamentals of • Originally developed by Microsoft for MS- Computer Systems DOS operating system; Practice Week 9 • Support a wide variety of macro facilities and structured programming; MASM 6.11 Reference • Support for 16-bit and 32-bit versions; • The latest version is called MASM32 V9; • MASM 611 version is used for demonstration and lab practices. school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 2 school of information technology Assemble-Link Execute Cycle Listing File • The following diagram describes the steps from creating a source • Use it to see how your program is program through executing the compiled program. compiled • If the source code is modified, Steps 2 through 4 must be repeated. • Contains – source code – addresses – object code (machine language) – segment names – symbols (variables, procedures, and constants) • Example: hello.lst ICT 106 _Week 9_06 3 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 4 school of information technology 1 Map File MASM Tools • Information about each program • CodeView Debugger runs the assembled segment: or compiled program while simultaneously – starting address displaying the program source code, – ending address –size program variables, etc – segment type • CVPACK is used to reduce the size of an • Example: hello.map executable file that contains CodeView debugging information ICT 106 _Week 9_06 5 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 6 school of information technology • The HELPMAKE utility creates help files • The LIB utility helps create, organise, and and customised the help files supplied with maintain run-time libraries Microsoft language products • The LINK utility combines object files into • The H2INC utility converts C header (.H) a single executable file or dynamic-link library files into MASM-compatible include (.INC) files. It translates declarations and • The MASM program converts command- line options from MASM style to ML style, prototypes, but does not translate code adds options to maximise compatibility, and calls ML.EXE ICT 106 _Week 9_06 7 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 8 school of information technology 2 • The ML program assembles and links one • The Microsoft Programmer’s WorkBench or more assembly-language source files. (PWB) provides an integrated environment The command-line options are case for developing programs in assembly sensitive language. • The NMAKE utility automates the process • The QuickHelp utility displays Help files. of compiling and linking project files ICT 106 _Week 9_06 9 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 10 school of information technology Microsoft Assembler (ML) • The ML program assembles and links one or • The options parameter consists of zero or more assembly language source files more command-line options; •Syntax • You can use either a slash (/) or dash (-) ML [options] filename [[options] filename] … [/link linkoptions] before each option; • For example, assembles the source file • Multiple options are allowed but they must hello.asm and produces the object file hello.obj be separated by at least one space; ML /c hello.asm • Note that the command-line options are case sensitive. ICT 106 _Week 9_06 11 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 12 school of information technology 3 ML Command-Line Options •/? •/Fefilename – Display a summary of ML command-line syntax – Names the executable file. Note that the filename •/c is limited to only 8 characters – E.g. ML /FeHi.exe hello.asm – Assembles only. Does not link – E.g. ML /c hello.asm •/Fl[filename] •/Cu – Generates an assembled code listing – E.g. ML /FlHi.lst hello.asm – Maps all identifiers to uppercase – E.g. ML /Cu hello.asm ICT 106 _Week 9_06 13 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 14 school of information technology •/Fm[filename] •/I pathname – Creates a linker map file – Sets path for include file. A maximum of 10 /I – E.g. ML /FmHi.map hello.asm options is allowed •/Fofilename – E.g. ML /l include\ hello.asm – Names an object file • /link – E.g. ML /FoHi.obj hello.asm – Linker options and libraries •/Sn – Turns off symbol table when producing a listing ICT 106 _Week 9_06 15 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 16 school of information technology 4 Link Command-Link Options •/Ta filename •Syntax – Assembles source file whose name does not end LINK objfiles [, [exefile] [, [mapfile] [, with the .ASM extension [libraries] [, [deffile] ] ] ] ] – E.g. ML /Ta hello.txt •/CO •/Zi – Adds symbolic data and line numbers needed by – Generates CodeView information in object file the Microsoft CodeView debugger. •/Zs •/F – Performs a syntax check only – Optimises far calls ICT 106 _Week 9_06 17 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 18 school of information technology •/INF •/ST:number – Displays to the standard output the phase of – Sets the stack size to number bytes, from 1 byte to linking and names of object files being linked 64K •/M •/T – Adds public symbols to the map file – Creates a tiny-model MS-DOS program with a •/NOF .COM extension instead of .EXE – Turns off far-call optimisation •/? – Displays a summary of LINK command-link syntax ICT 106 _Week 9_06 19 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 20 school of information technology 5 MASM Command-Line Options • MASM is provided to maintain •/L compatibility with old makefiles. You – Creates a normal listing. Translated to /Fl should use the more powerful ML.EXE in •/MU your lab – Converts names to uppercase. Translated to /Cu •/H – Lists command-line arguments. Translated to •/N /help – Suppresses table in listing file. Translated to /Sn •/I pathname •/Z – Specifies an include path – Displays error lines on screen. Ignored ICT 106 _Week 9_06 21 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 22 school of information technology Introduction to CodeView • A window-oriented debugging tool that • CodeView would present the user with helps to find and correct errors in MASM several windows that could be tiled, and Microsoft C/C++ programs moved, and otherwise manipulated. Some • It was one of the first debuggers on the of the windows were: – Code window - the code window showed the currently MS-DOS platform that was full-screen debugged code in its source code context. oriented, rather than line oriented – Data window - a hexadecimal dump of a user-specified memory area. – Command window - user commands (using the same or similar syntax as DEBUG.COM) could be entered here. ICT 106 _Week 9_06 23 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 24 school of information technology 6 • You can specify CodeView options when •E.g. you assemble a source file with the /Zi option ML /C /Zi hello.asm • If you do not need full symbolic information Link /CO hello in some modules, compile with the /Zd option cv hello.exe ICT 106 _Week 9_06 25 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 26 school of information technology CodeView Command-Line Options •/2 •/K – Permits the use of two monitors – Disables installation of keyboard monitors for the • /25 or /43 or /50 program being debugged – Starts in 25/43/50-line mode •/M •/B – Disables CodeView use of the mouse – Starts in black-and-while mode •/R – Enables 80386/486 debug registers ICT 106 _Week 9_06 27 school of information technology ICT 106 _Week 9_06 28 school of information technology 7.