INSECTS AND DISEASES Important Problems of Florida’s Forest and Shade Tree Resources INSECTS AND DISEASES Important Problems of Florida’s Forest and Shade Tree Resources by Edward L. Barnard Pathologist, Florida Division of Forestry and Wayne N. Dixon Entomologist, Florida Division of Forestry Illustrations by Wayne N. Dixon Table of Contents FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 9 HOW TO USE THE BOOK ............................................................................................ 10 DAMAGE KEYS ............................................................................................................ 11 Tree Insects – Key 1 Conifer Foliage .......................................................................... 11 Tree Insects – Key 2 Conifer Branch and Stem .......................................................... 1 Tree Insects – Key 3 Hardwood Foliage ...................................................................... 2 Tree Insects – Key 4 Hardwood Branch and Stem....................................................... 3 Tree Insects – Key 5 Roots ........................................................................................... 4 Diseases of Trees – Key 1 Conifer Foliage .................................................................. 5 Diseases of Trees – Key 2 Hardwood Foliage .............................................................. 6 Diseases of Trees – Key 3 Conifer Branch and Stem ................................................... 7 Diseases of Trees – Key 4 Hardwood Branch and Stem .............................................. 8 INJURY AND STRESS ................................................................................................. 20 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL FOR INSECTS AND DISEASES ................................... 24 PESTICIDES ................................................................................................................. 28 CONCEPTS OF ENTOMOLOGY .................................................................................. 30 INSECTS OF CONFER FOLIAGE ................................................................................ 33 Common Name: CYPRESS LEAF BEETLE ............................................................. 33 Common Name: PINE COLASPIS ............................................................................ 34 Common Name: PINE WEBWORM .......................................................................... 35 Common Name: PINE SAWFLIES ............................................................................ 36 Common Name: WOOLLY PINE SCALE .................................................................. 38 Common Name: PINE SCALE .................................................................................. 39 INSECTS OF CONIFER BRANCH AND STEM ........................................................... 40 PINE BARK BEETLES ............................................................................................... 40 Common Name: BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE .................................................. 42 Common Name: IPS ENGRAVER BEETLE .......................................................... 43 Common Name: SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE ........................................................ 44 Common Name: DEODAR WEEVIL ......................................................................... 45 Common Name: PINE TIP MOTHS .......................................................................... 46 Common Name: REPRODUCTION WEEVILS ......................................................... 47 Common Name: SOUTHERN PINE CONEWORM ................................................... 49 Common Name: TORTOISE SCALES ...................................................................... 50 INSECTS OF HARDWOOD FOLIAGE .......................................................................... 52 Common Name: BAGWORM .................................................................................... 52 Common Name: COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE .................................................... 52 Common Name: EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR .................................................. 54 Common Name: FALL WEBWORM .......................................................................... 55 Common Name: FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR ..................................................... 56 Common Name: GYPSY MOTH ............................................................................... 57 Common Name: LEAFMINERS ................................................................................ 58 Common Name: MITES ............................................................................................ 59 Common Name: OAK LEAFROLLER / LEAFTIER ................................................... 60 Common Name: SYCAMORE LACE BUG................................................................ 61 Common Name: VARIABLE OAKLEAF CATERPILLAR .......................................... 62 Common Name: WHITEMARKED TUSSOCK .......................................................... 63 Common Name: YELLOWNECKED CATERPILLAR ............................................... 64 INSECTS OF HARDWOOD BRANCH AND STEM ...................................................... 66 Common Name: CARPENTERWORM ..................................................................... 67 Common Name: CICADAS ...................................................................................... 68 Common Name: CLEARWING MOTHS ................................................................... 68 Common Name: FLORIDA WAX SCALE .................................................................. 69 Common Name: GIANT BARK APHID...................................................................... 70 Common Name: HOLLY PIT SCALE ........................................................................ 71 Common Name: KERMES SCALE ........................................................................... 71 Common Name: OAK LECANIUM SCALE ............................................................... 72 Common Name: OAK TREEHOPPER ...................................................................... 72 Common Name: OBSCURE SCALE ......................................................................... 73 Common Name: PSOCIDS OR BARK LICE ............................................................. 74 Common Name: TWIG GIRDLER ............................................................................ 74 INSECTS OF CONIFER AND HARDWOOD BRANCH AND STEM ............................. 76 Common Name: AMBROSIA BEETLES ................................................................... 76 Common Name: DRYWOOD TERMITES ................................................................. 77 Common Name: GALLS.......................................................................................... 78 Common Name: FLATHEADED BORERS ............................................................... 80 Common Name: FLORIDA CARPENTER ANT ....................................................... 81 Common Name: ROUNDHEADED BORERS ........................................................... 82 Common Name: TWIG BEETLES ............................................................................ 84 INSECTS OF CONIFER AND HARDWOOD ROOTS .................................................. 85 Common Name: MOLE CRICKETS ......................................................................... 85 Common Name: WHITE GRUBS .............................................................................. 85 VERTEBRATES: ANIMALS AND BIRDS ..................................................................... 87 CONCEPTS OF TREE DISEASE ................................................................................. 90 DISEASE: NEEDLE RUST ....................................................................................... 94 CONIFER FOLIAGE DISEASES ................................................................................... 94 DISEASE: NEEDLE CAST ........................................................................................ 95 DISEASE: BROWNSPOT NEEDLE BLIGHT ............................................................ 97 DISEASE: SOUTHERN CONE RUST ..................................................................... 98 DISEASE: FOLIAGE BLIGHTS OF JUNIPERS AND RELATED CONIFERS ........... 99 DISEASE: CEDAR APPLE RUST ........................................................................... 100 HARDWOOD FOLIAGE DISEASES ........................................................................... 103 DISEASE: HARDWOOD FOLIAGE DISEASES ...................................................... 103 CONIFER STEM DISEASES ...................................................................................... 110 DISEASE: PITCH CANKER .................................................................................... 110 DISEASE: FUSIFORM RUST ................................................................................. 112 DISEASE: EASTERN GALL RUST ......................................................................... 115 DISEASE: RED HEART OF PINE ........................................................................... 116 HARDWOOD STEM