Opening the Doors to Higher Education: Perspectives on the Higher Education Act 40 Years Later Prepared by TG Research and Analytical Services November 2005 Opening the Doors to Higher Education: Perspectives on the Higher Education Act 40 Years Later Prepared by TG Research and Analytical Services Angelica Cervantes Marlena Creusere Robin McMillion Carla McQueen Matt Short Matt Steiner Jeff Webster November 2005 Table of Contents Introduction . 1 Chapter 1: Historical Background. 3 The 18th Century . 5 The 19th Century . 6 The Early 1900s. 7 The 1920s . 8 Immigration and Changing Economy . .8 The 1930s . 9 The Great Depression and the National Youth Administration . .9 The 1940s . 9 The GI Bill . .9 The Truman Commission . .10 The 1950s . 11 The National Defense Education Act . .11 The 1960s . 12 The Great Society . .12 Chapter 2: HEA: From Proposal to Passage . 15 The Higher Education Act . 17 Titles I through V of the HEA . 18 Title I: Strengthening Community Service Programs . .19 Title II: Assistance for Libraries . .19 Title III: Developing Institutions . .20 Title IV: Student Assistance Act . .20 Title V: Teacher Corps . .20 Title VI: Undergraduate Instruction . .21 Title VII: Higher Education Facilities . .21 ii Title IV of the HEA . 22 Part A-Educational Opportunity Grants and the TRIO Program . .22 Educational Opportunity Grants and the Tuition Tax Credit Debate . .22 TRIO . .24 Part B-Guaranteed Student Loans . .24 Part C-Federal Work Study Program . .26 Part D-National Defense Student Loan Program (now Perkins) . .27 Chapter 3: Reauthorizations of the Higher Education Act Title IV . .29 Reauthorization of 1968 . 31 Upward Bound and the Establishment of TRIO . .32 Changes in Guaranteed Student Loans . .33 Reauthorization of 1972 . 33 Reauthorization of 1976 . 35 The Middle Income Student Assistance Act of 1978 . 36 Reauthorization of 1980 and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation of 1981. 37 Reauthorization of 1986 . 38 Reauthorization of 1992 and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation of 1993. 39 The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 . ..