PIEDRAS MARCADAS (LA 290) CERAMICS: THE POTTERY OF A CLASSIC PERIOD RIO GRANDE PUEBLO By Hayward H. Franklin Maxwell Museum Technical Series No. 30 University of New Mexico 2017 PIEDRAS MARCADAS (LA 290) CERAMICS: THE POTTERY OF A CLASSIC PERIOD RIO GRANDE PUEBLO By Hayward H. Franklin Research Associate Maxwell Museum of Anthropology Maxwell Museum Technical Series No. 30 Maxwell Museum of Anthropology MSC01, 1050, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001 maxwellmuseum.unm.edu 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables.................................................................................................................................. vi Foreword, by Matthew Schmader.................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................vii 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1 Culture History.....................................................................................................................2 Archaeological Investigations.............................................................................................. 3 Site Layout and Tested Locations............................................................................ 4 2. ANALYSIS METHODS............................................................................................................. 9 Pottery Classification........................................................................................................... 9 3. THE CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE............................................................................................. 13 Change through Time........................................................................................................ 15 Gas Line Trench..................................................................................................... 15 Test Pits.................................................................................................................. 18 Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 19 4. CHRONOLOGY........................................................................................................................21 Radiocarbon Dates from Piedras Marcadas....................................................................... 21 Test Pit 1, 212–215 cm.......................................................................................... 22 Test Pit 2, 120–130 cm.......................................................................................... 22 Test Pit 6, 105–110 cm.......................................................................................... 22 Test Pit 6, 325–331 cm.......................................................................................... 23 Test Pit 7, 100–110 cm.......................................................................................... 23 Evidence from Other Projects at Piedras Marcadas........................................................... 23 Ceramic Tallies by Schmader................................................................................ 23 Salvage Excavation by Marshall............................................................................ 23 Stratigraphic Test by Hendron............................................................................... 24 Reconstruction of Site History........................................................................................... 25 Radiocarbon Dates from Nearby Classic Period Sites....................................................... 26 Montaño Bridge..................................................................................................... 26 Alameda................................................................................................................. 27 Coronado Campsite............................................................................................................ 28 Local Chronological Trends.............................................................................................. 28 5. VESSEL FORM AND FUNCTION.......................................................................................... 31 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Page 6. TEMPER AND PASTE............................................................................................................. 35 Types of Tempering Materials........................................................................................... 35 Frequencies of Tempering Materials................................................................................. 36 Utility Ware........................................................................................................... 39 Rio Grande Glaze Ware......................................................................................... 40 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 40 Paste Clay...........................................................................................................................40 Refiring Procedure................................................................................................. 40 Paste Clay versus Tempering Material by Ceramic Class (Test 1)....................... 41 Paste Clay versus Glazeware Pottery Type (Test 2).............................................. 45 7. SOURCES OF CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS...................................................................... 47 Sources for Tempers.......................................................................................................... 47 Rock Materials from the Piedras Marcadas Site Surface....................................... 49 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 49 Sources for Body Clays..................................................................................................... 52 Sources for Slip Clays and Paint Ingredients..................................................................... 53 Raw Materials Sources and Production Zones: Summary and Conclusions..................... 54 8. TRADE AND EXCHANGE......................................................................................................57 Pottery Made Outside the Rio Grande Glaze Ware Area.................................................. 57 Ceramic Trade Within the Rio Grande Glaze Ware Area................................................. 58 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................ 61 Dating................................................................................................................................. 61 Intensity of Occupation...................................................................................................... 62 Ceramic Materials.............................................................................................................. 63 Trade.................................................................................................................................. 64 Interaction Within the Middle Rio Grande District........................................................... 64 Future Resarch................................................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES CITED.................................................................................................................. 67 APPENDIX A. PIEDRAS MARCADAS SURFACE COLLECTION BY KIT SARGEANT...................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PHOTOGRAPHS OF POTTERY........................................................................ 79 APPENDIX C. FIVE RADIOCARBON DATES FROM PIEDRAS MARCADAS................... 95 iv FIGURES Page 1. Major Classic period pueblos north of Isleta............................................................................... 1 2. Aerial view of LA 290................................................................................................................. 4 3. Map of part of LA 290, showing walls of the late pueblo (yellow) and surface contours (turquoise)............................................................................................................. 5 4. Central plaza of the late pueblo, showing the locations of the seven test pits............................. 6 5. Piedras Marcadas refiring matrix for utility ware...................................................................... 42 6. Piedras Marcadas refiring matrix for Rio Grande Glaze Ware.................................................. 43 7. Outcrop of potential red slip clay near the Juan Tabo picnic ground........................................ 54 B.1. Glaze A, Agua Fria Glaze-on-red bowl exterior.................................................................... 79 B.2. Glaze C, Kuaua Glaze Polychrome bowl interior.................................................................. 79 B.3. Glaze