Determinants of Long-Run Human Capital Formation in the Iberian World Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Frau Dácil Juif aus Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Tübingen 2014 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10.07.2014 Dekan: Professor Dr. rer. soc. Josef Schmid 1. Gutachter: Professor Dr. Jörg Baten 2. Gutachter: Professor Dr. Bernhard Boockmann Acknowledgements The support of several people to whom I would like to express my gratitude was essential for this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Jörg Baten for giving me the opportunity to write this dissertation and to be part of a wonderful research team. He encouraged me to present my research in numerous international conferences, to attend summer schools and to visit various archives, which was very fruitful for my work. He also gave me the opportunity to gain practice in teaching, a very valuable experience for me personally. I appreciated his constant professional feedback on my work and thank him for sharing his knowledge with me, I am very grateful to him. As well I want to thank Prof. Dr. Bernhard Boockmann for his willingness to review and evaluate this thesis as co- examiner. The research group in Tübingen provided me with ideas, criticism and important feedback for my academic work. In particular, I want to thank Christina Mumme, Franziska Tollnek, Dr. Ralph Hippe, Carolina Vicario, Rima Ghanem, Nicholas Meinzer, Dr. Matthias Blum, Valeria Prayon, Dr. Yvonne Stolz, Dr. Mojgan Stegl, Dr. Linda Twrdek and Dr. Dominic Behle. They made my time at the chair of economic history in Tübingen extremely valuable. Part of this thesis was produced within the HI-POD project funded by the European Commission’s 7th Research Framework Programme and within the Clio Infra Project funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Their financial assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Moreover, I would like to thank my family, especially my mum and dad, as well as my dearest friends who supported me during the last years and always. Their constant support and encouragement was invaluable throughout the progress of this thesis. Despite the help of many people, I alone am responsible for the content of this doctoral thesis. i Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Role of Human Capital in Economics ............................................................. 1 1.2 Methodological Aspects: Measurement of Human Capital .................................... 4 1.2.1 Literacy ............................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 Numeracy ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Aim of this Thesis ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Outline of the Thesis ............................................................................................... 9 1.5 References ............................................................................................................. 12 2. On the Human Capital of Inca Indios before and after the Spanish Conquest. Was there a “Pre-Colonial Legacy”? ............................................. 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2 History and Chronology ........................................................................................ 18 2.3 Sources and Methods of Basic Numeracy Measurement ..................................... 24 2.4 Regression Estimates of Numeracy Trends .......................................................... 28 2.5 Potential Objections .............................................................................................. 35 2.6 Social and Regional Differences of numeracy ...................................................... 39 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 42 2.8 References ............................................................................................................. 44 2.9 Tables .................................................................................................................... 47 2.10 Figures .................................................................................................................. 52 2.11 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 54 3. Dangerous Education? The Human Capital of Iberian and Latin American Jews and Other Minorities during the Inquisition ........................................... 56 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Religion and Economics ....................................................................................... 59 3.3 “Judaizers” and the Modern Inquisition ............................................................... 64 3.4 Method and Data ................................................................................................... 69 3.4.1 Age Heaping .................................................................................................. 69 3.4.2 Religion, Elites, and Human Capital ............................................................. 72 3.5 Logistic Regression Results .................................................................................. 74 3.6 Cross-Check: Literacy of Inquisition Victims ...................................................... 76 3.7 Cross-Check: Were Ages Determined Differently in Inquisition Sources? ......... 76 ii 3.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 77 3.9 References ............................................................................................................. 79 3.10 Tables .................................................................................................................... 82 3.11 Figures .................................................................................................................. 88 3.12 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 90 4. Jewish Educational Selection in 20th century Latin America ................. 97 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 98 4.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 99 4.2.1 Religion and Economy .................................................................................. 99 4.2.2 The History of Jews and Human Capital ..................................................... 101 4.3 Data Description and Method ............................................................................. 103 4.4 Regression Results .............................................................................................. 106 4.5 Conclusions and Further Research ..................................................................... 108 4.6 References ........................................................................................................... 109 4.7 Tables .................................................................................................................. 110 4.8 Appendix ............................................................................................................. 120 5. Who left the “Fortunate Islands”? Skill Selectivity of Migrants to Latin th America. Evidence from 19 Century Canary Islanders .............................. 121 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 122 5.2 Literature Overview ............................................................................................ 125 5.2.1 Determinants of Migration .......................................................................... 125 5.2.2 Migrant Selectivity ...................................................................................... 126 5.3 The Genesis of Canarian Migration .................................................................... 129 5.4 Data Sources and Method ................................................................................... 134 5.4.1 Source Description ...................................................................................... 134 5.4.2 Representativeness of the Sources ............................................................... 135 5.4.3 The Method ................................................................................................. 137 5.5 Main Results ....................................................................................................... 139 5.5.1 Skill Selectivity of Those who left the Canary Islands ............................... 139 5.5.2 The Other Immigrants ................................................................................. 141 5.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 143 5.7 References