Advertisements for Others • Psychology of Sleep (Psych 133) – Prof. Allison Harvey Sleep and Dreams • Sleep and Psychological Disorders Laboratory – Prof. Matt Walker • Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory Fall 2014 • Psychology of Dreams (Psych 106) – Prof. Eleanor Rosch 1 2 Why Sleep is Interesting Diagnosis of Sleep • Puzzle of Function • Role in Learning, Memory • Overt Behavior • Insomnia, Other Sleep Disorders – Relaxation • Lapse in Consciousness – Prone Posture – Consciousness as Wakefulness – Slow, Even Breathing – Contrast with “Dreamless Sleep” • Subjective Experience • Conscious of Dreams? – Interruption of Stream of Consciousness • Unconscious Processing – Disorientation upon Awakening • Mind-Body Problem – Memory Failure – Physiological Correlates of Sleep/Dreams – Dream Recall 3 4 The EEG Spectrum Hugdahl (1995) Polysomnography Rechtschaffen & Kales (1968) 5 6 1 Prominent EEG Bands The Waking EEG • EEG Bands • Alpha Activity –Slow –Delta(0.5-4 Hz) – High-Amplitude – Theta (5-7 Hz) –Rhythmic – Arousal – Alpha (8-12 Hz) • Inverted-U –Beta(18-30 Hz) • Beta Activity –Fast – Gamma (30-50 Hz) Wikipedia Hugo Gamboa Dez 2005 – Low-Amplitude – High Gamma (>250 Hz) – Desynchronized – “Looking” 7 8 Drowsiness Descending Stage 1 • EEG – Alpha Disappears • Eyes Closed – Desynchronized Activity • Low Body Motility • EMG Muscle Relaxation • Decrease in Body • EOG Slow Rolling Eye Movements Temperature • Lack of Behavioral • EEG Alpha Activity Response – Initial Increase • Denial of Sleep on – Subsequent Decrease Awakening? 9 10 Stage 2 Stage 3 • EMG Relaxation • EMG Relaxation • EOG SREMs • EOG SREMs • EEG Changes • EEG Delta Activity – Spindles • Awakening to Loud – K-complexes Noise, Name 11 12 K-Complex Spindle 2 Stage 4 Stage REM • EEG Resembles Stage 1 • EMG Relaxation • EMG Relaxation • EOG SREMs – Sleep Paralysis • EEG Delta Activity – Narcolepsy • Awaken Groggy • EOG REMs (Sleep Inertia) – Conjugate • ANS Arousal – High EKG 13 • Awaken Alert 14 Stage NREM (SWS) Stages of Sleep Sleep Architecture “Descending” Stage 1 Stages 2, 3, 4 in Disorders of Consciousness • EMG Relaxed Cologan et al. (2009) • EOG SREMs Coma Vegetative State • EEG Slowing • EEG Slowing • Sleep Stages • “Slow-Wave Sleep” – Delta, Theta – Spindles, K-complexes – Stages 3, 4 • “Spindle Coma – Alternating REM, SWS – Better Prognosis? Stage REM “Ascending” Stage 1 • EMG Relaxed • EOG REMs • EEG Fast 15 16 Nervous System Activity in Sleep SWS REM Autonomic Heart Rate Slow Decline Variable Respiration Slow Decline Variable Thermoregulation Maintained Impaired Brain Temperature Decreased Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Reduced High Somatic Postural Tension Slow Decline Eliminated Patellar Reflex Normal Suppressed Phasic Twitches Reduced Increased Eye Movements Infrequent, Slow Rapid, Conjugate 17 Hobson (1995) 18 3 Succession of Sleep Stages Dement (1976) Consciousness During Sleep • Aspects of Information-Processing – Pickup Information from Environment – Integrate with Pre-Existing Knowledge – Respond Meaningfully while Asleep – Remember in Morning • Evidence (Largely Anecdotal) – Body Movements – Awakening to Meaningful Sounds – Awakening at Preselected Times 19 – Dream-Incorporation 20 Sleep Stage and Reports of Sleeping Falling Asleep Webb (1975) Wyatt et al. (1994) • Paired Associates (hot-cold) 100 – Lights out, 1/minute 90 80 – Repeat word pair 70 60 Don't Know 50 Awake • Repetition failure 40 Asleep 30 – 15 secs of alpha-free Stage 1 % of Subjects of % 20 10 – further 30 secs or 10 min 0 Awake 1 2 3, 4 • Awakening Sleep Stage – Recall and Recognition Tests – 10 Cycles 21 22 Retrograde Amnesia in Sleep Wyatt et al. (1994) Explicit vs. Implicit Memory • Explicit Test – Associate-Cued Recall • Implicit Test – Free Association 23 24 4 Explicit vs. Implicit Memory: Dreaming and REM Sleep Last 2 Minutes Before Sleep Aserinsky & Kleitman (1953) Wyatt et al. (1994) • Observed Cyclical Shift from SREM to REM 90 80 – 10-20 Minute Bursts 70 60 30sW – c. Every 90 Minutes Baseline 50 10mW 40 30sS • Awaken Subjects in Various Sleep Stages 30 10mS 20 • “Were You Dreaming?” Corrected % Targets Corrected % 10 – Awakened in REM, 74% 0 Explicit Implicit – Awakened in NREM, 17% Memory Test • Sleep Not a “Passive” Phenomenon 25 – 2 Kinds of Sleep 26 Sleep Stage and Dream Recall Mental and Behavioral Dement (1976) Activity During Sleep • Descending Stage 1 100 – Hypnagogic Reverie 80 • Stage NREM 60 REM – Reverie, Thoughts, Images 40 NREM – Sleepwalking, Sleep Talking, Night Terrors 20 % DreamReports • Stage REM 0 A&K (1953) 9 Studies – Dreams, Nightmares Study • Ascending Stage 1 27 – Hypnopompic Reverie 28 Hypnagogic Reverie Night Terrors Schacter (1976) (Pavor Nocturnus, Incubus) Gastaut & Broughton (1964) • Imagery in Descending Stage 1 – Visual • Behavioral • Patterns, Static Objects, Complex Scenes – Inarticulate Scream, Cry for Help, Fear – Auditory – Unable to account for distress • Images, Music, Own Name – Return to (peaceful) sleep • “Myoclonic Jerk” – No memory upon awakening – Accompanying imagery • Physiological – Muscles-Tendons Antagonism – Intense ANS Discharge • Hypnopompic Reverie (Ascending Stage 1) – Arousal from Early Stages 3, 4 – Sleep Paralysis 29 • Not nightmare 30 5 Nightmares Nightmares and Night Terrors Hartmann (1984) Hartmann (1984) • Frightening Dream – Awakens Sleeper • Stage REM – Late in Night Fuseli, the Nightmare (1781) 31 32 Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) Kales et al. (1966) Sleeptalking (Somniloquy) Arkin et al. (1978) • Speech, Other Meaningful Sounds • Stage NREM (SWS) – No Awareness on Awakening • Random, Purposelessness • Children vs. Adults • Dexterity • REM, Concordant with Dream Contents • Episodic – Syntax, Semantics • Affect – Monologue, One-Sided Conversation • Development • NREM, Discordant with Dream Contents – Children – Aphasic? – Adults 33 34 Parasomnias Early Studies of Sleep-Learning In REM In NREM • Thorndike (1916), Morse Code • REM Sleep Behavior • Sleepwalking – Learning Disorder • Night Terrors – Fatigue • Recurrent Isolated • Bruxism – Surreptitious Practice Sleep Paralysis • Restless Leg Syndrome • Fox & Robins (1952) – Chinese-English Paired-Associates • Correct Pairs, Incorrect Pairs • Music as Control 35 – Savings in Relearning 36 6 Sleep and Waking Learning Analysis of Sleep Learning Fox & Robins (1952) Simon & Emmons (1955) 100 12 90 80 10 70 Hear 8 60 50 Recall 6 40 Recog 30 4 % of Items 20 10 2 0 Trials to Learn AM in Trials 0 Correct Music Incorrect Pair Type Sleep Stage 37 38 Alpha Activity in Memory Simon & Emmons (1956) 35 “Sleep learning is possible, 30 25 to the extent that the subject 20 remains awake” 15 Simon & Emmons (1955) % of Items% of 10 5 0 10Sec None No Hear Alpha Activity Following Item 39 40 Explicit and Implicit Memory Homophone Priming for Sleep Learning Wood et al. (1992) Wood et al. (1992) • Night 1, Homophone Pairs 80 – War-Peace, Tortoise-Hare 70 60 – Homophone Spelling 50 Targets 40 • Night 2, Category-Instance Pairs Lures 30 – Metal-Gold, Animal-Horse 20 10 Standardized Scores Standardized – Category Instance Generation 0 • Signs of Arousal Sleeping Waking Condition – Body Movement – EEG Alpha, SREMs 41 42 7 Category-Instance Priming Wood et al. (1992) 120 “Sleep learning is possible, 100 to the extent that the subject 80 Targets 60 remains awake” Lures 40 Simon & Emmons (1955) 20 Standardized Scores Standardized 0 Sleeping Waking Condition 43 44 Memory for Dreams Factors Affecting “Consolidation” • Problem • Low Arousal During Sleep – High Frequency of Dreams in Stage REM • REM Awakenings – 4-5 Epochs of REM in Night’s Sleep – Abrupt vs. Gradual Arousal – Why Remember Only 1 Dream (At Most)? – Distraction • Dream Occurs in Primary/Working Memory • Salience – REM Awakening Permits Immediate Readout – Consolidation – Retrieval 45 46 Sleep Stage and Mentation Sleep Stage and Dream Recall Foulkes (1962); Foulkes & Schmidt (1983) Aserinsky & Kleitman (1953); Dement (1976) 100 100 80 80 60 REM 60 REM 40 NREM 40 NREM 20 20 % of Awakenings of % % DreamReports 0 0 A&K (1953) 9 Studies 1962 1983 Study Study 47 48 8 Normative Characteristics of Dreams Snyder (1970) Characteristics of NREM Mentation • Vivid, Complex Imagery • Stage 1 (NREM) • Temporal Progression – Reverie, Daydreaming • Primarily Visual • Stage 2 • Familiar Setting – Imageless Thoughts, Reverie • Dreamer as Central Character • Stage 3 • Moderate to High Credibility – Imageless Thoughts, Floating Images • Fairly Coherent • Stage 4 • Flat Affect – Incoherent Reports (Sleep Inertia?) – Nightmares 49 50 Analysis of Sleep Mentation Dream Content Foulkes & Schmitt (1983) Hall & Van de Castle (1966) • Dreams Constant Despite Cultural Change Quality REM NREM • No Changes in Content Across Adulthood • Stable Patterns of Differences Across Mental 93% 67% Cultures Content % "Dreams" 80% 40% – Characters: Women, M=F; Men, M>>F – Aggression>Friendliness Dreams 74% 27% – Misfortune>Good Fortune Length 5.5 1.3 – Emotion: Negative>Positive • Individual Differences Consistent with 51 Waking Personality 52 The Interpretation of Dreams Dreams as Wish Fulfillments Freud (1900) Freud (1900) “I shall demonstrate that there is a • The Dream of Irma psychological technique which makes it – Injection of Trimethylamine possible to interpret dreams, and that • Anna’s Dream (a Paraphrase) on the application of this technique, – Stwabewwies! every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance….” 53 54 9 Vocabulary of the Dream Theory Common Dream Symbols Freud (1900) Freud (1900), Chapter 6 • Day Residues • A Hat as