Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology ISSN 1819-8465 The Official Journal of Bangladesh Sociological Society Committed to the advancement of sociological research and publication. 2 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 Contents Note from the Editor: Bangladesh in New York Page 4 Globalization is Dead, Long Live Globalization! S. Aminul Islam 16 Impasse in Globalization Theory and Beyond Boko-Haram and Social Identity Theory: Explaining O. Okafor Samuel 53 the Enigma that is Threatening National and Regional and Raimi Lasisi Peace in Africa A Sociological Analysis of the Medicalization Process Bijoy Krishna Banik 78 of Pregnancy and Child Birth in Bangladesh In Search of Models for Healthcare Delivery in Abdullahi Ali Arazeem 97 Multi-Cultural Africa and Moshood Issah Comparing Multi-Ethnic Countries in Providing Territorial Mogau Petrus Sekgala 113 Autonomy to Ethnic Groups and T. Isaac Mokgopo The use of Ethnicity in Ethiopia in Determinig T. Isaac Mokgopo 127 Internal Boundaries The Governance, Taxation and Regulation of Beneficiary Lufuno T. Nevondwe 147 Funds in South Africa Minorities and Cultural Identity: Insights on Shia M. Saleem Jehangir 156 Women of Kashmir and Shugufta Akhter The Juxtaposition of Antagonistic Urban Landscapes: N. Johannes Mokoele 167 Rural-Urban Interface in South African Cities Breaking the Traditional Trap: Improving Food and J Tinarwo and 178 Nutrition Security through Science Technology and D E Uwizeyimana Innovation in Zimbabwe Examining Age, Pay Satisfaction and Intent to Leave Abiodun M. Lawal 194 in Counterproductive Work Behaviour among University Sunday S. Babalola Support Staff and Uzor Friday Ordu Blowing the Anti-Graft Whistle with Rewarding Rigour Mike Omilusi 206 and Legal Vulnerability: A Turning Pointin Nigeria’s Democratic Space? 3 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology (Biannual e-Journal of the Bangladesh Sociological Society) Editor Nazrul Islam Professor of Sociology Associate Editor Managing Editor Book Review Editor S. Aminul Islam M. Imdadul Haque A.I.Mahbub Uddin Ahmed University of Dhaka University of Dhaka University of Dhaka Web Master: Faridul Islam, University of Dhaka Emails: [email protected] [email protected] Published on the Internet URL: http://www.bangladeshsociology.org http://www.bangladeshsociology.net Published by Bangladesh Sociological Society From Room No. 1058, Arts Faculty Building University of Dhaka, Ramna, Dhaka -1000 Phone: 88-0172-717-7666. Email: [email protected] Views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and are purely academic in nature. 4 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 Note from the Editor Bangladesh in New York Very recently, thanks to the You Tube, I had an opportunity to listen to a debate organized by a literary society in Kolkata on a rather pointless motion which went something like this, “Kolkata is the Past of Bengali Culture while Dhaka is its Future”. I was not sure what they were actually debating about since neither culture nor the notion of the past and future were clearly defined, although it appeared that they were debating about the “richness” of culture of West Bengal as opposed to the culture of East Bengal, which may have some meaning in literature but no one either from the organizers or the six members of the two contending teams offered any definition of what that richness includes. The motion sounded as if the whole of Bengali culture began in Kolkata and its future lies in Dhaka. Two of the debaters who defended the motion were from Bangladesh, the others were from Kolkata’s cultural scene: authors, artists, literary critiques etc. But what all of them forgot was the fact that Dhaka was already about one thousand years in the past (at least from 7th century on ward) before Kolkata even became a trading post for the East India Company. This Dhaka of the past, situated in an around the present day city like in Sonar Gaon or Bikrampur, being centrally located and accessible by huge rivers connecting it directly to the Bay of Bengal, was the commercial and the industrial heart, which in the pre-British days generated over 12% of world GDP or half of the total GDP of South Asia, and often served as the political capital of the whole of Bengal, therefore, became the focal point not only of international trade but also of the culture of the region and, of course, of the Bangla language. Indeed, Bangla language and literature saw much of its growth and development during the past millennium mostly under the patronage of the Muslim rulers of Bengal residing in and around Dhaka. So the past of the Bangla language, art, literature and the culture in general does not originate in Kolkata. If anything, it was based in Dhaka. The notion of the “past” of Bengali culture being located in Kolkata, therefore, is hugely misplaced. However, what the debaters were largely referring to was the period when the British ruled India from Kolkata and gave rise to a group of English educated Bengali people, almost totally Hindu, who wholeheartedly collaborated with the Brits in exploiting the country, particularly East Bengal. These English educated people, encouraged by Western culture, gave rise to a new brand of “high caste” Hindu culture in Kolkata primarily during the early 19th to the early 20th century, dominated the arts, music, language, literature and drama, indeed the whole cultural scene of Bengal. This culture of Kolkata originating among the upper caste Hindu traders, government servants and landlords, including the absentee landlords who resided in Kolkata but literally owned much of the then East Bengal, was known to the Brits as “Babu Culture” (Babu 5 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 being a derogatory term to the Brits) and to the Babu’s themselves as the “Bhadralok Culture”, Bhadralok, meaning refined and genteel as opposed to the rustic and vulgar culture of the common folk, particularly of the people of East Bengal, including that of Dhaka. Hence, prose, poetry, drama and the arts, and Bangla language fully dominate by Sanskrit came to be heralded as the “High Culture” of the Bhadralok, while the native culture; folk-lore, folk art, literature, music and drama, etc. got demoted as the culture of the lowly peasants of East Bengal and, therefore, Dhaka. Indeed, this Kolkata culture was seen in sharp contrast to the culture of Dhaka, and East Bengal, infused with Arabic, Persian and Urdu, basically Islamic, elements in the language and culture in general. A derogatory term “Bangal” was coined to identify the people of East Bengal and their culture while “Chasha”, another derogatory term, was used to refer to the “lowly” peasants of this eastern region by the people of Kolkata. This notion of inferior “Bangal” is so pervasive in Kolkata culture that even in 1992 when I visited Kolkata a street vendor shouted out the word “Bangal” behind me as I walked passed his store. I was not speaking in any particular Bangla accent or interacting with anyone to be easily recognised but just my demeanour, the end result of my “Dhaka culture”, differentiated me from the Kolkata crowd to the extent that even a street vendor recognised me as coming from East Bengal1. Seventy years of separation of the two Bengals has not made much of a dent in the level of that prejudice! And as Kolkata prospered in economy, commerce and industry, along with being the capital of British India, Dhaka was robbed of its primacy and fell from a city of one million in the pre-British days to a city of as little as thirty thousand people, losing not only its grandeur but also its dominant position in the culture of the region. Positioned as the capital of British India, Kolkata dominated the Bengali culture as well as acted as the cultural capital of India in general. But things began to change after the partitions of Bengal, first in 1905 and then in 1947. After the first partition in 1905 in which West Bengal comprising of the Hindu majority districts of Bengal (Bihar and parts of Orissa) with Kolkata at its centre was separated from and the Muslim majority eastern districts of East Bengal plus Assam with Dhaka as its capital thereby returning some of the previous prominence to the ancient city. There was a hue and cry against this partition largely from among the absentee landlords residing in Kolkata, including RabindrabathTagore, the “crowning glory” of the Kolkata culture, who personally owned huge estates in East Bengal, and the Bhadralok in general. The Brits finally conceded and reunited Bengal in 1911 but they were a bit too clever for the Bhadralok of Kolkata and they dealt a fatal blow to Kolkata by shifting the capital of the British India to Delhi depriving the “Babus” of Kolkata the pre-eminence they had over the rest of India. 1 I have written more on this in the previous issue (“Note from the Editor” in Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, Vol. 16 Number 1). 6 Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 16, Number 2. July 2019 At the same time the Brits also began to offer some concessions to the Muslims in keeping with their divide and rule policy and opened the University of Dhaka thus allowing the “Bangals” to get some “education” and exposure to Western learning. Dhaka immediately thereafter, in December 1906, provided the setting for the establishment of the Muslim League, which within the next forty years successfully led movements for the creation of Pakistan, a state for the Muslims in India in 1947.