-l r:: rj THE AGE OF > J rj TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS ) rj -l > d ...) Central Italy in the Late 6th Century ... ...-, ... iî I)... Proceedings of the Conference 3 l The Age of Tarquinius Superbus, A Paradigm Shift? ::I ::I -< Rome, 7-9 November 2013 1 edited by Patricia S. Lulof and Christopher J. Smith PEETERS 13/12/16 12:48 I CONT ENTS Ack.now ledgements IX Introduction PATRICIA LULOF, CHRISTOPHER SMITH The Age of Tarquinius Superbus. History and Archaeology 3 Historiography MARTINE CHASSIGNET Le règne de Tarquin le Superbe dans l'historiographie romaine antérieure à l' époque cicéronienne: motifs classés et variations 17 MICHEL HUMM L'hellénisme de Tarquin le Superbe 27 MARIO TORELLI Templi sopra case. Archeologia dell' adfectatio regni 39 CRISTIANO VIGLIETTI Tarquinius Superbus and the purchase of the sibylline books. Conflicting models of price formation in Archaic Rome 49 PAOLO CARAFA «Laiinorum sibi maxime gentem conciliabat» (Livio I 49,8). Trasformazione dei paesaggi di Roma e del Lazio dal Regno del Superbo all'inizio della repubblica 57 DOMENICO PALOMBI Apiolae, Pometia e Cora 71 VLADIMIR V. STISSI Believing the Unbelievable? A Greek Perspective on the Tarquinian World 79 Rome ELISABETH VAN 'T LINDENHOUT Looking for a Royal Residence. Architecture and Social Complexity in Archaic Rome 87 PAOLO BROCATO, NICOLA TERRENATO The Archaic Temple of S. Omobono: New Discoveries and Old Problems 97 ANNA MURA SOMMELLA Arianna ritrovata! Un nuovo gruppo acroteriale dall' Area Sacra del Poro Boario 107 GABRIELE CIFANl Small, Medium or Extra-long? Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics on the Reconstructions of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus 113 GUY BRADLEY The Rome of Tarquinius Superbus: Issues of Demography and Economy 123 9458_Lulof_BabSuppl29_ Voorwerk.indd V 13/12/16 12:4! JOHN HOPKINS Tarquins, Romans and Architecture at the Threshold of Republic 135 Etruria MARIA BONGHI JOVINO Tarquinio il Superbo e Tarquinia: Un rapporto intricato e complesso 145 GIOVANNA BAGNASCO GIANNI Quale Hercle nella Roma di Tarquinio il Superbo? 159 VINCENZO BELLELLI Caere nell'eta' dei 'tiranni' 167 LAURA MARIA MICHETII Veio nell'età di Tarquinio il Superbo: Appunti sulle produzioni artigianali 177 SIMON STODDART The Apparent Invisibility of the Non-Elite and Rural Settlement North of the Tiber in the Age of Tarquin 187 Latium PETER A TIEMA, TYMON DE HAAS, JORN SEUBERS, Gus TOL In Search of the Archaic Countryside. Different Scenarios for the Ruralisation of Satricum and Crustumerium 195 FRANCESCO DI GENNARO, ANGELO AMOROSO, BARBARA BELELLI MARCHESINI, LETIZIA CECCARELLI Il territorio laziale a nord dell' Aniene nell'età di Tarquinio il Superbo 205 CLAUDIA CARLUCCI Osservazioni sulla produzione coroplastica a Roma e nel Lazio tra la fine della monarchia e gli inizi dell' età repubblicana 215 MARCO F ABBRl La regia di Gabii nell'età dei Tarquini 225 LETIZIA CECCARELLI Decorative Systems at the Sanctuaries of Ardea between the Period of Tarquinius Superbus and the Early Republic. Models and Productions 241 MARIJKE GNADE Satricum nel periodo di Tarquino Superbo: cambiando prospettiva 249 Regional Landscape and Foreign Contacts TYMON DE HAAS The Ager Pomptinus and Rome: the impact of Roman colonization in the late Regal and early Republican period 261 LUCIANA DRAGO Ai margini del Latium vetus nell' età di Tarquinio il Superbo. Riflessioni su vecchi e nuovi dati 269 SANDRA GAIT! Gli Ernici nell' età dei Tarquini tra fonti letterarie e nuove scoperte archeologiche 281 9458_Lulof_BabSuppl29_V oorwerk.indd VI 13112/16 12:4! FRANCESCO MARIA C! FARELLI Segni e il suo territorio dalla nascita dellabitato alla colonia di Tarquinio 291 MONICA CHIABÀ ... Signiam circeiosque colonos misii, praesidia urbi futura terra marique (Liv. 1.56.3). Tarquinio il Superbo e l'invio di coloni nel Laiium vetus 301 CARLO RESCIGNO Cuma al tempo dei Tarquini 313 Appendix Posters presented at the conference 323 General Bibliography edited by Letizia Ceccarelli and Ilaria Manzini 321 List of Contributors 353 Tarquinius Superbus is one of the most vivid figures of archaic Rome, and the dramatic accounts of his rise to power, and his expulsion, have shaped our perception of the late 6th century in central Italy. This volume, the first substantial work on the subject, asks how reliable is this narrative? What is the archaeolog- ical evidence for the late sixth century and is it compatible with a model of a strong individual leader? Are there other models of power and authority which are appropriate? And what can we say about the broader social and economic transformations in this exciting period of central Italian history? Combining sophisticated approaches to the literary evidence, uf-to-date archaeological syntheses and new discoveries, this volume offers a comprehensive account of late 6t century central Italy, the Age of Tarquinius Superbus. PEETERS-LEUVEN ISBN 978-90-429-3469-6 PEETERS r9458_Lulof_BabSuppl29_Cover.indd 2 13/12/16 12:4! Small, Medium or Extra-long? Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics on the Reconstructions of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus Gabriele Cifani Abstract The paper discusses the proposed reconstructions of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus from the 19th century to more recent scholarship. These offer three main models, summarized as the short, medium and extra long size models. The small size model proposes a small temple built on a huge platform. The medium size model inter- prets the remains of the temple of Jupiter as corresponding to the podium of the temple, while the extra-long model hypothesizes that the podium of the temple also includes the remains of two or more walls at the rear of the cells, usually identified as links between the podium and the retaining walls of the Capitoline Hill. Among these, the medium size model appears as the most probable, or at any rate, the least unrealistic.* INTRODUCTION µ%κ#υς παρD τI πλ9τ#ς #Mδ) Nλων πεντεκα<δεκα π#δ@ν. The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capito- ’Επ+ γDρ τ#.ς αMτ#.ς θεµελ<#ις O µετD τ:ν linus was the most important of all the Roman Aµπρησιν #Pκ#δ#µηθε+ς κατD τ#Qς πατHρας temples and it can be considered as the most rel- Rµ@ν ε0ρHθη τS3 π#λυτελε<Sα τ3ς Jλης µTν#ν evant evidence of the age of Tarquinii and par- διαλλ9ττων τ#L UρEα<#υ, ticularly of the politics of Tarquinius Superbus.1 *κ µVν τ#L κατD πρTσωπ#ν µHρ#υς τ#L πρIς The aim of this paper is to discuss synthetically µεσηµ4ρ<αν 4λHπ#ντ#ς τριπλW@ περιλαµ4ανTµεν#ς some recent reconstructions of the temple of Jupi- στ#<EWω κιTνων, *κ δV τ@ν πλαγ<ων XπλW@. ter Capitolinus, the evidence for which, together *ν δ) αMτW@ τρε.ς Aνεισι σηκ#+ παρ9λληλ#ι κ#ινDς with their historical and cultural implications has AE#ντες πλευρ9ς, µHσ#ς µVν O τ#L ∆ιTς, been already fully described elsewhere.2 παρ)Fκ9τερ#ν δV τI µHρ#ς N τε τ3ς ZΗρας κα+ O According to the main literary sources (Dion. τ3ς ’Αθην]ς 0^) FνIς Uετ#L κα+ µι]ς στHγης Hal. 3.69.1-2; 4.61.3-4; Liv. 1.38.7; 56.1; Varr. ap. Gell. καλυπτTµεν#ι. 2.10 )3 the temple was built in the age of Tarquinii and reconstructed in the late Republic always with It stood upon a high base and was eight hun- the same plan, although with different materials. dred feet in circuit, each side measuring close The main description is offered by Dionysius of to two hundred feet; indeed, one would find Halicarnassus (4.61.3-4). He directly observed the the excess of the length over the width to be building in the Augustan period after the fire of 83 but slight, in fact not a full fifteen feet. BC as re-opened during the consulship of Lutatius For the temple that was built in the time of our Catulus who re-dedicated the temple in 69 BC and fathers after the burning of this one was erected after minor embellishments or restorations made by upon the same foundations, and differed from Julius Caesar (Cass. Dio 37.44.1-2) and Augustus (R. the ancient structure in nothing but the costliness Gest. d. Aug. 20.1). of the materials, having three rows of columns This is the description given by Dionysius on the front, facing the south, and a single row (4.61.3-4): on the lateral sides. The temple consists of three parallel shrines, separated by party walls; the ’Επ#ι%θη δ) *π+ κρηπ.δ#ς 0ψηλ3ς, 4ε4ηκ6ς middle shrine is dedicated to Jupiter, while on 7κτ9πλεθρ#ς τ:ν περ<#δ#ν, διακ#σ<ων π#δ@ν one side stands that of Juno and on the other that Aγγιστα τ:ν πλευρDν AEων Fκ9στηνG 7λ<γ#ν δH of Minerva, all three being under one pediment τι τI διαλλ9ττ#ν εJρ#ι τις Kν τ3ς 0περ#E3ς τ#L and one roof.4 113 The historian Gellius reports Varro’s account that worshipped at in late antiquity. The last recorded the consul Quintus Catulus, when in charge of votive gift was in 425 AD (Cod. Theod. 11.1.34); the restoration of the Capitol, wished to lower the despite of some spoliations, in the 6th century AD Area Capitolina in order that the ascent to the the sanctuary was still appreciated for its monu- temple might have more steps and the podium mentality (Cassiod. Var. 7.6.1). might be higher, to correspond with the elevation There is no information regarding this building and size of the pediment but that he could not during the Middle Ages but the remains of the ele- carry out this plan because the ancient subterra- vation of the temple were certainly destroyed in the nean votive deposit (favisae) had prevented this Renaissance during the construction of Palazzo Caf- project (Varro, ap.