Appendix 1: Dynasty, Nobility and Notables of the Napoleonic Empire A Napoleon Emperor of the French, Jg o~taly, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, etc. Princes of the first order: memtrs of or\ose related by marriage to the Imperial family who became satellite kings: Joseph, king of Naples (March 1806) and then of Spain (June 1808); Louis, king of Holland (June 1806-July 1810); Ur6me, king of Westphalia (July 1807); Joachim Murat (m. Caroline Bonaparte), grand duke of Berg (March 1806) and king of Naples (July 1808) Princes(ses) of the selnd order: Elisa Bo~e (m. F6lix Bacciochi), princess of Piombino (1805) and of Lucca (1806), grand duchess of Tuscany (1809); Eug~ne de Beauharnais, viceroy ofltaly (June 1805); Berthier, prince ofNeuchitel (March 1806) and of Wagram (December 1809) Princes of the J order: Talleyrand, prince of Bene\ento (June 1806); Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo (June 1806) [crown prince of Sweden, October 1810] The 22 recipien! of the 'ducal grand-fiefs of the Empire'\.eated in March 1806 from conquered lands around Venice, in the kingdom of Naples, in Massa-Carrara, Parma and Piacenza. Similar endowments were later made from the conquered lands which formed the duchy of Warsaw (July 1807) These weret.anted to Napoleon's top military commanders, in\uding most of the marshals, or to members of his family, and were convertible into hereditary estates (majorats) The duk!s, counts, barons and chevaliers of the Empire created after le March decrees of 1808, and who together probably numbered around 3600 \814 TheJncluded high-ranking officers, ministers, councillors of state, senators, legislators, archbishops, bishops, prefects, presidents of departmental electoral colleges, of the civil, criminal and appeal courts, mayors of large cities, officers of the Legion of Honour, some academics and artists ~ mass of lesser military and civilian beneficiaries (donataires) of Imperu} land-gifts (dotations), of whom there were nearly 6000 by 1814; and the members of the Legion of Honour, whose number by then had risen to over 32,000 All the remaining natables of the 130 Imperial departments: sub-prefects, mayors, other officials of the administrative, judicial and educational services of the state, members of the departmental councils, of the electoral colleges, and of the various chambers of commerce, etc. (a total of perhaps 100,000) Appendix II: List of the Chief Appointments and Honours Bestowed by Napoleon (An asterisk denotes the names of the marshals) Arrighi Duke of Padua (1808). *Augereau Marshal (1804). Duke of Castiglione (1808). Bacciochi Prince of Piombino (1805) and of Lucca (1806) [cf. Bonaparte, Elisa, below]. Barbe-Marbois Minister of the treasury (1801-6). President of the court of accounts (1807-14). Count (1813). Beauharnais, Eugene de Viceroy ofltaly ( 1805-14). Arch-Chancellor of state. *Bernadotte Marshal (1804). Prince of Ponte Corvo (1806). *Berthier Marshal (1804). Prince ofNeuchatel (1806). Prince of Wagram ( 1809). Chief of staff( 1796-1814). Minister of war (1799-1800, 1800-7). Vice-Constable of the Empire. *Bessieres Marshal (1804). Duke oflstria (1809). Commander of the Imperial Guard. Bigot de Preameneu Minister of ecclesiastical affairs (1808-14). Count ( 1808). Bonaparte, Caroline Grand duchess of Berg (1806-8). Queen of Naples (1808-15) [cf. Murat, below]. Bonaparte, Elisa Princess of Piombino (1805) and of Lucca (1806) [cf. Bacciochi, above]. Grand duchess of Tuscany ( 1809). Bonaparte, Jerome King of Westphalia (1807-13). Bonaparte, Joseph King of Naples (1806-8). King of Spain (1808-13). Grand Elector of the Empire. 115 Bonaparte, Louis King of Holland (1806-IO). High Constable of the Empire. Bonaparte, Pauline Duchess of Guastalla ( 1806) [cf. Borghese, below]. Borghese, Prince Duke of Guastalla (1806). Governor General of the departments beyond the Alps. *Brune Marshal ( 1804). Cambaceres Arch-Chancellor of the Empire. Duke of Parma (1808). Caulaincourt Duke of Vicenza (1808). Grand master of the horse (1804). Ambassador to Russia (1807-11 ). Minister of foreign affairs (1813-14, 1815). Champagny Duke of Cadore (1809). Minister of the interior (1804--7) and offoreign affairs (1807-11). Chap tal Minister of the interior (1800-4). Count (1808). Count of Chanteloup, with its majorat (1810). Clarke Duke of Feltre (1809). Minister of war (1807-14). Cretet Governor of the Bank of France (1806). Minister of the interior (1807-9). Count of Champmol (1808). Daru Intendant general of the Grand Army and of the conquered territories (1805). Count (1809). Minister secretary of state (1811-13). Minister of war administration (1813-14, 1815). *Davout Marshal (1804). Duke of Auerstadt (1808). Prince ofEckmiihl (1809). Decres Minister of the navy ( 1801-14). Vice-admiral ( 1804). Count (1808). Duke (1813). Dejean Minister of war administration (1802-9). Count (1808). Grand chancellor of the Legion of Honour (1815). Duroc Grand marshal of the palace. Duke of Friuli ( 1808). Fesch, Cardinal Grand almoner. Archbishop of Lyons. Fouche Duke of Otranto (1809). Minister of general police ( 1799-1802, 1804--10). Gaudin Duke of Gaeta (1809). Minister of finances (1799-1814, 1815). Girard Duke of Ligny (1815). *Gouvion Saint-Cyr Marshal (1812). Count (1808). *Grouchy Marshal (1815). Count (1809). *Jourdan Marshal ( 1804). Junot Duke of Abrantes (1809). *Kellermann Honorary marshal (1804). Duke of Valmy (1808). Lacuee Count of Cessac (1808). Minister of war admin­ istration ( 1809-13). 116 *Lannes Marshal (1804). Duke of Montebello (1808). Lebrun Arch-Treasurer of the Empire and Governor Gen­ eral of the Dutch departments. Duke of Piacenza ( 1808). *Lefebvre Honorary marshal (1804). Duke of Danzig (1807). *Macdonald Marshal (1809). Duke of Taranto (1808). Maret Duke of Bassano (1809). Secretary general (1799-1804) and then minister secretary of state (1804--11, 1813-14, 1815). Ministerofforeign affairs (1811-13). *Marmont Marshal (1809). Duke of Ragusa (1808). *Massena Marshal (1804). Duke of Rivoli (1808). Prince of Essling (1810). Melzi d'Eril Duke of Lodi (1807). Chancellor of the Kingdom of Italy. Mollien Minister of the treasury (1806-14, 1815). Count (1808). *Moncey Marshal (1804). Duke of Conegliano (1808). Montalivet Minister of the interior (1809-14). Count (1808). *Mortier Marshal ( 1804). Duke of T reviso ( 1808). *Murat Marshal (1804). Military governor of Paris (1804). Grand duke of Berg (1806-8). King of Naples (1808-15). Grand Admiral of the Empire. *Ney Marshal (1804). Duke of Elchingen (1808). Prince of the Moskwa (1813). *Oudinot Marshal (1809). Duke of Reggio (1810). *Perignon Honorary marshal (1804). Count (1811). *Poniatowski, Prince Marshal (1813). Minister of war in the duchy of Warsaw (1807). Portalis Minister of ecclesiastical affairs ( 1804--7). Regnier Duke of Massa ( 1809). Minister ofjustice ( 1802-13). Roullet de Ia Bouillerie Receiver-general of the Grand Army. Treasurer­ general of the Domaine extraordinaire (1810). Savary Duke of Rovigo (1808). Minister of general police (1810-14). *Serurier Honorary marshal (1804). Count (1808). *Soult Marshal (1804). Duke of Dalmatia (1808). *Suchet Marshal (1811). Duke of Albufera (1813). Talleyrand­ Perigord Prince of Benevento ( 1806). Minister of foreign affairs (1799-1807). Vice-Grand Elector of the Empire. *Victor Marshal (1807). Duke of Belluno (1808). 117 Appendix III: The Ten 'Grand Dignitaries' of the Empire Grand Elector Joseph Bonaparte, king of Naples and then of Spain Vice-Grand Elector Talleyrand, prince of Benevento High Constable Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland Vice-Constable Berthier, prince ofNeuchatel and of Wagram Arch-Chancellor Cambaceres, duke of Parma Arch-Treasurer 1 Governor General Lebrun, duke of Piacenza of the Dutch departments Grand Admiral Murat, grand duke of Berg and then king of Naples Arch-Chancellor of State Eugene de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy Governor General of the departments beyond the Alps Prince Camillo Borghese, duke of Guastalla 118 ThedepartmentsoftheFrench Republicafterthecreetionof the Napoleonic prefectures in 1800 • SEAT OF A PREFECTURE The departments of the French Republic after the creation of the Napoleonic prefectures in 1800 119 )',J -0 The French Empire at its height in 1811 Glossary agregation: qualification reinstated in 1808 for the recruitment of teachers in state schools. anoblis: those who, of commoner birth under the old regime, were ennobled either through the purchase of office bestowing nobility or otherwise by royal writ. arrete: decision, order or decree of the government. assignats: paper money of the Revolution (1789-96), notionally secured on anticipated receipts from the sale of the national lands (biens nationaux). Auditeurs au Conseil d'etat: a new and exemplary corps of professional officials formed in 1803 and attached to the council of state. biens nationaux: lands confiscated during the Revolution, at first from the Church and Crown, later from the emigres, suspects and condemned persons, and taken into 'national' (i.e. state) ownership for eventual sale to private buyers (acquereurs). Brumaire: the month of the Republican calendar in which, on 18th-19th of the Year VIII (9-10 November 1799), Napoleon's coup d'etat overthrew the Directory. cadastre: land survey used for tax registration. Caisse d'amortissement: central sinking fund set up in 1799. Caisse de service: central service fund set up in 1806 to receive taxes from the departments. centimes additionnels: additional direct taxes, supplementing