PROJECT REPORT [AUT84] On “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE” Submitted by RISHAV CHHABRA (1NH15AU038) MOHAMMED TAMKEEN (1NH15AU029) In partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of Degree in Bachelor of Engineering (DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING) Under The Guidance of Ms. Smitha B S Asst. Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Project [AUT84] On “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE” Is a bonafide work carried out by Rishav Chhabra [1NH15AU038] Mohammed Tamkeen [1NH15AU029] Bonafide students of New Horizon College of Engineering in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Automobile Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2018-2019. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree. Signature of HOD Signature of Principal Signature of Internal Guide Dr. Shridhar Kurse Dr. Manjunatha Prof. Smitha B S External Viva Name of the Examiners 1. Signature with Date 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Mohan Manghnani, Chairman, New Horizon Educational Institutions for providing this endeavor. We would also like to thank Dr. Shridhar Kurse, Head of Department, Department of Automobile Engineering, NHCE and Dr. Manjunatha, Principal of NHCE who has given us a constant support with motivation in completion of the project. We sincerely thank Dr. Shridhar Kurse, HOD and Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, NHCE who has guided us throughout in completion of the project. We thank entire staff members of Automobile Department, NHCE and everyone who has directly or indirectly helped us in completion of the project. DECLARATION We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where others’ ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed. Date: Place: RISHAV CHHABRA 1NH15AU038 MOHAMMED TAMKEEN 1NH15AU029 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3 2 LITERARURE REVIEW 4-9 3 METHODOLOGY 10-15 3.1 FLOW CHART 10 4 DESIGN AND MATERIAL 16-20 4.1 CYLINDER DESIGN 16 4.2 STAR SHAPE COMPONENTS 16 4.3 MAGNETS 17 4.4 SPUR GEARS 17 4.5 BEARINGS 17 4.6 WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION 17-19 4.7 X-RAY DIAGRAM 20 5 WORKING MODEL 21-24 6 RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND ESTIMATION 25-29 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 30-33 8 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCE 35 LIST OF FIGURES Fig NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 ARC ENGINE PROTOTYPE 2 1.2 ARC ENGINE PROTOTYPE WITHOUT MOTOR 3 3.1 ARC ENGINE DESIGN 14 4.1 STAR SHAPE CRANKSHAFT MECHANISM 16 4.2 ENGINE VIEW WITHOUT CRANK CASE 18 4.3 STAR SHAPE PISTON ARRANGEMENT 19 4.4 X-RAY DIAGRAM OF 3D MODEL 20 5.1 WORKING MODEL OF ARC ENGINE 21 5.2 HYBRID VERSION OF ARC ENGINE 23 5.3 CUT SECTION OF ARC ENGINE 24 15 LIST OF TABLES Table NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6.1 TIME VS TORQUE 25 6.2 EXHAUST TEMPERATURE 26 ABSTRACT In this project efforts are been made to eliminate the multiple reciprocal pistons orientation, ball joints and a conventional engine mechanism but it crucially depends on effective sealing provided by sliding and rotating surfaces. Arc engine is a type of reciprocating engine with pistons arranged around an output shaft with their axes perpendicular to the crankshaft. The cylindrical shape of the cylinder group (the result of the pistons being spaced evenly around the middle and aligned perpendicular to the crankshaft axis) whilst to the shape of the crankshaft. The key advantage of this design is that the cylinders are arranged in parallel to each other and the perpendicular output/crankshaft in contrast, this type having cylinders at right angles to the shaft. As a result, it is a very compact, cylindrical engine, allowing variation in the compression ratio of the engine while running. The small-end bearing of a traditional connecting rod, one of the most problematic bearings in a traditional engine, is eliminated. This design replaces the plate with one or more Sinusoidal cam surfaces. Cams mounted parallel to a shaft mounted inside. In effect, these spaces serving the same purpose as the cylinders of an IC engine, and the sinuous cam surface acts as the face of the pistons. In other respect this form follows the normal cycles of internal combustion but with burning gas directly imparting a force on the cam surface, translated into a rotational force by timing one or more detonations. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. The second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which is internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described Firearms are also a form of the internal combustion engine. In contrast, an external combustion engine, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, liquids derived from Petroleum. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft, and boats. Typically an ICE is fed with Petroleum like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There is a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for CI (compression ignition) engines and methanol for SI (spark ignition) engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used and can be obtained from either Petroleum or renewable energy. DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING, NHCE Page 1 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE An Arc engine has multiple cylinders arranged around and perpendicular to a pivotal shaft, like the chambers in the cylinder of a revolver. The piston thrust is usually converted to grail motion by an L-crank mechanism. The claimed advantages for this engine format were low frontal area (salient for powering supercars) very good balance and great stratum. On the downside, there are spur gear mechanisms. The Arc IC engine was a development of the cylindrical acclimatization of Engine. No IC engines have achieved any sustained success in theory at 60 degrees. It has been designed to work with the odd number of the cylinder such as 9 or 7 as of the original concept. In operation, these typically generate HP by accelerating a relatively small amount of air to very high speed. The original cooling system has been replaced by star shape turbo caps because they have ameliorated cooling efficiency. At medium speeds, where the crankshaft from all cylinders is no longer required, fuel efficiency increases. The cylindrical acclimatization is quieter and has ameliorated range-specific fuel consumption than the regular IC engine. Arc engine can be highly efficient for supercars. Figure 1.1- Arc Engine prototype This engine is a kind of a grail; the cylinders and crankcase revolved, while the crankshaft remains stationary. This is the IC engine in that use a star shape crankshaft. Instead, each DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING, NHCE Page 2 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE cylinder drove a small crankshaft, with spur gears at the inner end of each shaft engaging with a large gear on the pivotal output shaft; power output was taken from the crankcase end. The propeller speed was thus reduced to half of the crankshaft speed according to power requirement. Arc name is given due to the firing order given as per dynamic balancing of the engine. Figure 1.2- Arc Engine prototype without motor DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING, NHCE Page 3 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARC ENGINE CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The Reference is taken from Small bone axial engine patent: US 821,546 of 22nd May 1906. Four-cylinder wobble-plate gas engine; static barrel type. Water cooled. This design by Harry Eagles Small bone is the first example of an axial IC engine found so far. It was intended to run on town gas, not gasoline/petrol. It is not currently known if it was ever built or if it was successful. Small bone took out Canadian patent CA 82570 rather earlier in July 1903.