, I ISH 207 ~R76 . )~~?nI d ones Ian Marlne . .~ Capture" Fisheries . 1 . 1 I C. Bailey A. Dwiponggo . F. Marahudin ~. Indonesian Marine Capture Fisheries w onesian Marine ' Capture Fisheries C. B F. Marahudin INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FISHERIES, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, INDONESIA MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, INDONESIA Indonesian Marine Capture Fisheries Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the lnternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines; Directorate General of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture; and Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Gd. B Lt. 4-5-6, JI. Harsono PM. No. 3 Ragunan, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia Bailey, C., A. Dwiponggo and F. Marahudin. 1987. lndonesian marine capture fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 10, 196 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines; Directorate General of Fisheries, and Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia. ISSN 01 15-4389 ISBN 971-1022-30-3 Cover: Large sail powered boats find a sheltered anchorage along a river near Labuan, West Java. Photo by C. Bailey. ICLARM Contribution No. 388. CONTENTS Preface .................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................... vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................. viii Chapter 1. Overview of lndonesian Marine Capture Fisheries. C. Bailey Abstract ......................................................... 1 The lndonesian Perspective on the Sea .................................. 1 Indonesia's Marine Fisheries .......................................... 2 The l mportance of Marine Fisheries .................................... 3 Sources of Information on Indonesian Fisheries ........................... 7 Need and Purpose of this Review ...................................... 9 Chapter 2 . Indonesia's Marine Fisheries Resources. A . Dwiponggo Abstract ......................................................... 10 Introduction ....................................................... 10 Indonesia's Marine Fishing Grounds .................................... 15 The Statistical Basis for Fisheries Resource Assessment ..................... 19 Fisheries and Marine Resources by Coastal Area ........................... 21 Assessing Indonesia's M-arine Fishery Resources ........................... 55 Areas of Potential for Expanded Marine Fisheries Production................. 59 Potential for Expanded Production Among Small-Scale Fishermen............. 63 h (a -co Chapter 3 . lndonesian Marine Fisheries: Structure and Change. C. Bailey 0 8 and A . Dwiponggo Abstract ......................................................... 64 The Structure of Indonesian Marine Fisheries ............................. 64 Gear Effectiveness .................................................. 84 LandingsbySubsector .............................................. 85 Employment by Subsector ........................................... 86 Chapter 4 . Marine Fisheries Management and Development: Policies and Programs. C. Bailey Abstract ......................................................... 89 Introduction ...................................................... 89 Fisheries Management Policies......................................... 90 Fisheries Development Programs ....................................... 95 Conclusion ...................................................... 102 Chapter 5 . The Economics of Marine Fisheries: Costs and Earnings. C. Bailey and F. Marahudin Abstract ......................................................... 103 Introduction ...................................................... 103 Costs and Earnings of Medium-Scale Fishing Units ......................... 104 Costs and Earnings of Small-Scale Gear .................................. 110 Costs-and-Earnings Data from Extensive Surveys .......................... 119 Conclusion ....................................................... 124 Chapter 6 . Fish Marketing and Distribution. C. Bailey and F. Marahudin Abstract ......................................................... 126 Introduction ...................................................... 126 SupplyandDemand ................................................ 127 Supply and Demand for Fresh versus Processed Fish: Two Generations ......... 131 Marketing and Distribution Patterns .................................... 133 Conclusion ....................................................... 138 Chapter 7 . Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Small-Scale Fisheries Development. C. Bailey Abstract ......................................................... 139 Introduction ...................................................... 139 Demographic Characteristics of Fishing Communities ....................... 140 Dependence on Fishing .............................................. 147 Ownership Patterns ................................................. 154 SharingSystems ................................................... 157 Constraints to Small-Scale Fisheries Development.......................... 162 Conclusion ....................................................... 167 Chapter 8 . Implications for Policy and Research. C. Bailey. A . D wiponggo and F. Marahudin Abstract ......................................................... 168 Introduction ...................................................... 168 Resources ........................................................ 169 SupplyandDemand ................................................ 171 Incomes and Standard of Living ....................................... 171 Research Priorities for the Future ...................................... 175 References.................................................................. 176 vi PREFACE This study is one of a series of research efforts by interdisciplinary teams which consolidate and synthesize existing knowledge relating to the marine fisheries of Southeast Asia. The goal of these reviews is to make more readily accessible to policymakers and researchers alike the broad range of available information relevant to their individual and programmatic needs. By reviewing published and unpublished materials, these studies draw attention both to what is known and to critical -.gaps in understanding- which require research.The first of thesecountry-specific reviews, Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources,Technology and Socioeconomics (Smith et al. 1980), was a joint undertaking of the Fishery Industry Development Council (Philippines) and the International Center for Living Aquatic ~esourcesManagement (ICLARM). A similar manuscript on Thai fisheries is forthcoming. This review of Indonesian marine capture fisheries is the result of a cooperative effort among researchers from the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF), the Marine Fisheries Research Institute (MFRI) and ICLARM. Work on this project began in October 1981. To obtain the information required, the authors found it necessary to travel extensively throughout Indonesia. During the course of these travels, the team interviewed government officers, university researchers, fishermen, fish buyers and leaders of coastal fishing communities. A large volume of "grey" literature not otherwise available was obtained from regional universities and government agencies. Complete sets of these reports have been photocopied and deposited in the libraries of the three institutions which the authors represent. A quick look through the reference section of this review will suffice to show that a wealth of information already exists on the biological, technical and socioeconomic aspects of Indonesian marine fisheries. However, much of the knowledge and literature remains scattered and underutilized. The authors seek to address this problem in the hope and belief that valuable insights can be gained by taking stock of what already is known. C. Bailey A. Dwiponggo F. Marahudin ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors owe a substantial debt to university researchers and government civil servants-too numerous to name-who willingly shared their insights and experiences and who assisted in gathering the literature upon which this review primarily is based. Several individuals merit special thanks. Admiral Abdu Rachman, Director General of Fisheries, and his prede- cessor Admiral lman Sardjono both provided valuable encouragement. Mr. Sunyoto, until recently Director of Plan- ning within the DGF, provided practical support and guidance. Mrs. Sunyoto, and her successor as Chief of the DGF's Sub-Directorate for Foreign Cooperation, Ir. Enni Sutopo, helped smooth administrative details involved in this cooperative project. The authors also wish to acknowledge the active assistance of the late M. Unar who, in his capacity as Director of the MFRI and later the Central Fisheries Research and Development Institute, contributed significantly to the design and smooth implementation of this project. Drs. Ian Smith and Daniel Pauly of ICLARM worked with the authors in developing their research program and offered constructive assistance by reviewing earlier drafts of this work. The authors gladly share part of the credit but accept responsibility for what is contained or omitted here. Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the Rockefeller