Escuela de Doctorado Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Programa de Doctorado Interuniversitario “Territorio y Sociedad: Evolución histórica de un espacio tricontinental (África, América y Europa)” An Analysis of the Translation Strategies of Evidential Adverbs in a Corpus-Based Study Doctoral Dissertation Cristina Cela Gutiérrez Dirigida por los Dres. Francisco J Alonso Almeida y Goretti García Morales Las Palmas de Gran Canaria November 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS After an intensive period of three years and several months, today is the day I am now writing this note of thanks, which means the finishing touch on my doctoral thesis. It has been a period of intense research and learning, not only in the scientific field, but also on a personal level. Writing this dissertation has allowed me to develop and grow personally and professionally. I would like to reflect on the people who have supported and helped me so much along this period. First and foremost, I have to thank my research supervisors, Dr. Francisco Alonso Almeida and Dr. Goretti García Morales. Without their assistance, knowledge and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this project would have never been accomplished. I would like to thank you very much for your support and understanding over these past years. I would also like to show my gratitude to the University of Valladolid, namely the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting, where I went for several weeks to study with Dr. Antonio Bueno García and where I had the opportunity to work on my research by collecting interesting material and exchanging ideas with other teachers and experts. My time at this Faculty was highly productive and working with its body of teachers was an extraordinary experience. I must also thank my good university colleagues for having faith in me and giving me support and encouragement throughout this project. Getting through my doctoral thesis required more than academic support and I must thank many good friends for being such a good listener and having devoted me their valuable time. I can only express my gratitude for their friendship. Finally, and most importantly, none of this could have happened without my family. My parents, who offered me their encouragement through phone calls and messages every week. And my husband who did not let me quit, when I was not sure about things, and who was very supportive. This dissertation stands as a proof to your kindness and unconditional encouragement. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................. 3 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2. TRANSLATION. TRANSLATION AND EVIDENTIALITY ................. 19 2.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 21 2.2. TERMINOLOGICAL CONFUSION .......................................................................... 24 2.3. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ................................................................................. 29 2.4. CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES .............................................. 34 2.4.1. Direct Translation Procedures ............................................................................................................. 36 2.4.1.1. Borrowing ......................................................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1.2. Calque ................................................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.1.3. Literal translation ............................................................................................................................ 40 2.4.2. Oblique translation ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.4.2.1. Transposition ................................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.2.2. Modulation ....................................................................................................................................... 45 2.4.2.3. Equivalence ...................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.2.4. Adaptation ........................................................................................................................................ 47 2.4.3. Complementary translation strategies ............................................................................................. 50 2.4.3.1. Compensation ................................................................................................................................. 51 2.4.3.2. Concentration versus Dissolution ............................................................................................. 52 2.4.3.3. Amplification versus Economy ................................................................................................... 52 2.4.3.4. Reinforcement versus Condensation ....................................................................................... 53 2.4.3.5. Explicitation versus Implicitation ............................................................................................... 54 2.4.3.6. Generalization versus Particularization ................................................................................... 55 2.4.3.7. Inversion ............................................................................................................................................ 55 2.5. Evidentiality and evidentiality in translation ...................................................... 59 2.5.1. (Inter)subjectivity in translation .......................................................................................................... 62 2.6. Chapter summary .................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY: CORPUS- BASED TRANSLATION STUDIES ...... 67 3.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 69 3.2. Considerations on the corpus compilation ......................................................... 70 3.3. Types of corpora .................................................................................................... 73 3.3.1. Spoken corpora, written corpora and mixed corpora ................................................................. 75 3.3.2. General Corpora and specialised corpora....................................................................................... 75 3.3.2.1. Academic Corpora ......................................................................................................................... 76 3.3.2.2. Learner Corpora .............................................................................................................................. 76 3.3.3. Contemporary corpora and historical corpora .............................................................................. 77 3.3.4. Synchronic corpora and diachronic corpora .................................................................................. 78 3.3.5. Large corpora and restricted corpora .............................................................................................. 78 3.3.6. Monolingual and multilingual corpora ............................................................................................ 79 3.4. Corpus-based translation studies ........................................................................ 80 3.5. First steps before using CTS ................................................................................. 81 6 3.5.1. Setting study goals and objectives ................................................................................................... 82 3.5.2. Selection of the type of corpus .......................................................................................................... 83 3.5.2.1. The UNESCO Corpus ..................................................................................................................... 83 3.5.3. Application of the corpus ..................................................................................................................... 86 3.5.4. Evidential Adverbs .................................................................................................................................. 87 3.5.4.1. Classification of adverbs .............................................................................................................. 90 3.5.4.2. Selection and description of evidential adverbs .................................................................. 93 3.6. Assessment of the application of CTS ................................................................................................