IAEA TECDOC 1716 IAEA TECDOC 1716 IAEA TECDOC SERIES INPRO Assessment of the Planned Nuclear Energy System of Belarus Assessment of the Planned Nuclear INPRO TECDOC No. 1716 INPRO Assessment of the Planned Nuclear Energy System of Belarus A report of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978–92–0–112110–3 ISSN 1011–4289 @ INPRO ASSESSMENT OF THE PLANNED NUCLEAR ENERGY SYSTEM OF BELARUS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PANAMA ALBANIA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA ALGERIA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ANGOLA HONDURAS PERU ARGENTINA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES ARMENIA ICELAND POLAND AUSTRALIA INDIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA INDONESIA AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BAHRAIN IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRELAND ROMANIA BELARUS ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ITALY Rwanda BELIZE JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA BENIN JAPAN SENEGAL BOLIVIA JORDAN SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BOTSWANA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BRAZIL KOREA, REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO MADAGASCAR TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA MALAWI THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MALI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALTA TOGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TUNISIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS TURKEY OF THE CONGO MEXICO UGANDA DENMARK MONACO DOMINICA MONGOLIA UKRAINE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED KINGDOM OF EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE GREAT BRITAIN AND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR NORTHERN IRELAND ERITREA NAMIBIA UNITED REPUBLIC ESTONIA NEPAL OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NEW ZEALAND FIJI URUGUAY FINLAND NICARAGUA UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NIGER GABON NIGERIA VENEZUELA GEORGIA NORWAY VIETNAM GERMANY OMAN YEMEN GHANA PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GREECE PALAU ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1716 INPRO ASSESSMENT OF THE PLANNED NUCLEAR ENERGY SYSTEM OF BELARUS A report of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2013 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Division of Nuclear Power INPRO Group International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2013 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2013 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data INPRO assessment of the planned nuclear energy system of Belarus. – Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2013. p. ; 30 cm. – (IAEA-TECDOC series, ISSN 1011-4289 ; no. 1716) ISBN 978-92-0-112110-3 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear energy – Belarus. 2. Nuclear power plants – Technological innovations. 3. Sustainable development. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 13-00838 FOREWORD The International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) was started in 2001 on the basis of IAEA General Conference resolution GC(44)/RES/21. INPRO activities have since been continuously endorsed by IAEA General Conference resolutions and by the General Assembly of the United Nations. The objectives of INPRO are to help ensure that nuclear energy is available to contribute, in a sustainable manner, to the goal of meeting the energy needs of the 21st century, and to bring together technology holders and users so that they can jointly consider the international and national actions required for ensuring sustainability of nuclear energy through innovations in technology and/or institutional arrangements. To fulfill these objectives, INPRO has developed a set of basic principles, user requirements and criteria, and an assessment method which, taken together, comprise the INPRO methodology for the evaluation of the long term sustainability of innovative nuclear energy systems. The INPRO methodology is documented in IAEA-TECDOC-1575 Rev.1, comprising an overview volume and eight additional volumes covering economics, institutional measures (infrastructure), waste management, proliferation resistance, physical protection, environment (impact of stressors and availability of resources), safety of reactors, and safety of nuclear fuel cycle facilities. This publication is the final report of an assessment of the planned nuclear energy system of Belarus using the INPRO methodology. The assessment was performed in 2009–2011 by Belarusian experts in a strategic partnership with the Russian Federation and with support from the IAEA’s INPRO Group. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A. Korinny of the Division of Nuclear Power. EDITORIAL NOTE This report has been prepared from the original material as submitted for publication and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA or the governments of its Member States. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographical names and related data shown on maps do not necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the IAEA. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this report and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 4 1.1. GENERAL INFORMATION ON BELARUS ................................................... 4 1.1.1. Natural resources ......................................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Climate ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1.3. Territorial division ....................................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Population .................................................................................................... 6 1.1.5. State institutions .......................................................................................... 6 1.1.6. Economy ...................................................................................................... 8 1.2. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLIES ...................................................................... 9 1.2.1. Primary energy sources ............................................................................. 10 1.2.2. Diversification of primary energy supplies to Belarus .............................. 13 1.3. ENERGY SECTOR .......................................................................................... 14 1.3.1. General data ............................................................................................... 14 1.3.2. Main options for modernization ................................................................ 14 1.3.3. Energy supply ............................................................................................ 15 1.4. ELECTRICITY AND HEAT ........................................................................... 17 1.4.1. Electricity .................................................................................................