SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING ENHANCED SCOPE & SEQUENCE LIFE SCIENCE Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education Richmond, Virginia 2008 Copyright © 2008 by the Virginia Department of Education P.O. Box 2120 Richmond, Virginia 23218-2120 http://www.doe.virginia.gov All rights reserved Reproduction of materials contained herein for instructional purposes in Virginia classrooms is permitted. Superintendent of Public Instruction Dr. Billy K. Cannaday, Jr. Chief Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction Dr. Patricia I. Wright Assistant Superintendent for Instruction Dr. Linda M. Wallinger Office of Middle and High School Instructional Services Dr. Felicia D. Dyke, Director Paula J. Klonowski, Science Coordinator Edited and designed by the CTE Resource Center Margaret L. Watson, Administrative Coordinator Bruce B. Stevens, Writer/Editor Richmond Medical Park Phone: 804-673-3778 2002 Bremo Road, Lower Level Fax: 804-673-3798 Richmond, Virginia 23226 Web site: http://CTEresource.org The CTE Resource Center is a Virginia Department of Education grant project administered by the Henrico County Public Schools. Notice to the Reader In accordance with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act and other federal and state laws and regulations, this document has been reviewed to ensure that it does not reflect stereotypes based on sex, age, race, or national origin. The Virginia Department of Education does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability in employment or provisions of service. Science Enhanced Scope and Sequence – Life Science Table of Contents Preface...................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................. vi Organizing Topic — Investigating Cell Theory ..................................................................... 1 Cell Theory.......................................................................................................................................................3 Plant and Animal Cells.....................................................................................................................................7 Plant Cells Compared .....................................................................................................................................10 Modeling Mitosis............................................................................................................................................13 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................16 Organizing Topic — Investigating Patterns of Cellular Organization ............................... 17 Levels of Organization in Multicellular Organisms .......................................................................................19 Osmosis, Diffusion, and Active Transport .....................................................................................................21 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................23 Organizing Topic — Investigating Heredity and Genetics ................................................. 24 The DNA Model.............................................................................................................................................26 Heredity ..........................................................................................................................................................29 Passing Traits On............................................................................................................................................35 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................39 Organizing Topic — Investigating the Classification of Organisms ................................. 40 Classy Critters ................................................................................................................................................41 The Six Kingdoms..........................................................................................................................................43 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................45 Organizing Topic — Investigating Plants ............................................................................ 46 A-Mazing Plants.............................................................................................................................................48 Nutrient Pollution ...........................................................................................................................................52 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................55 Organizing Topic — Investigating Photosynthesis ............................................................ 56 Carbon Dioxide and Photosynthesis...............................................................................................................57 Photosynthesis and Transpiration...................................................................................................................61 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................66 Organizing Topic — Investigating Animals......................................................................... 67 Curious Crickets .............................................................................................................................................69 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................75 Organizing Topic — Investigating Energy Flow ................................................................. 76 Freshwater Food Chains .................................................................................................................................78 Cycles of Nature.............................................................................................................................................81 Sample Released SOL Test Items ..................................................................................................................84 Organizing Topic — Investigating Communities ................................................................ 85 A Salt Marsh Ecosystem.................................................................................................................................87 Succession in a Community ...........................................................................................................................90 Predator-Prey Simulation ...............................................................................................................................93 Virginia Department of Education iii Science Enhanced Scope and Sequence – Life Science Fungal Friends: Lichens .................................................................................................................................97 Sample Released SOL Test Items ................................................................................................................100 Organizing Topic — Investigating Adaptation and Change............................................. 101 A Designed Organism ..................................................................................................................................103 Heat Loss from a Fur-Insulated Animal .......................................................................................................106 Biomes of the World ....................................................................................................................................109 Sample Released SOL Test Items ................................................................................................................113 Organizing Topic — Investigating Biologic Evolution ..................................................... 114 Variations Within a Population ....................................................................................................................116 Natural Selection ..........................................................................................................................................119 Sample Released SOL Test Items ................................................................................................................122 Organizing Topic — Investigating the Conservation of Living Resources .................... 123 Water Quality Problems and Conservation Strategies..................................................................................125 Virginia Department of Education iv Science Enhanced Scope and Sequence – Life Science Preface The Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence is a resource intended to help teachers align their classroom instruction with the Science Standards of Learning that were adopted by the Virginia Board of Education in January 2003. The