,UHQH (EHU :DUWLPH 6KDQJKDL 1HZ 3HUVSHFWLYHV RQ 0RGHUQ -HZLVK +LVWRU\ (GLWHG E\ &RUQHOLD :LOKHOP 9ROXPH Irene Eber :DUWLPH 6KDQJKDL DQG WKH -HZLVK 5HIXJHHV IURP &HQWUDO (XURSH Survival, Co-Existence, and Identity in a Multi-Ethnic City DE GRUYTER An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. ©ISBN 2016 978-3-11-021808-4 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Drucke-ISBN und (PDF) Bindung: 978-3-11-021809-1 Duck & Co., Ortsname ♾e-ISBN Gedruckt (EPUB) auf 978-3-11-021806-2 säurefreiem Papier PrintedISSN 0179-0986 in Germany e-ISSNisbn 978-3-11-026797-6 0179-3256 e-isbn 978-3-11-026818-8 www.degruyter.com issn 2192-9645 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LibraryA CIP catalog of Congress record forCataloging-in-Publication this book has been applied Data for at the Library of Congress. A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- at http://dnb.dnb.de. fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston ∞ Printed on acid-free paper Druck und Bindung: Duck & Co., Ortsname Printed in Germany ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printedwww.degruyter.com in Germany www.degruyter.com To Professor Paul Mendes-Flohr, Friend and Colleague With Much Gratitude $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV Many years were spent in writing Wartime Shanghai and the Jewish Refugees from Central Europe. The project began with the encouragement of Harold Z. Schiffrin, then chairman of the Department of East Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Eventually Avraham Altman, also of the department, joined the research project and we collaborated fruitfully for many years. I am grateful for their encouragement to persevere with this project, despite the lack of materials in Israeli libraries at the time. At an early stage of research and writing, when I enjoyed the hospitality of Harvard’s Fairbank Center, my friends there helped me define this history as part of Holocaust history. The many good talks we had are a cherished memory. I thank friends and colleagues who have read long portions of the text, Eli Joffe (deceased), Maisie Meyer, Yitzhak Shichor, Barbara Johnson and Paul Mendes-Flohr. To Paul Mendes-Flohr my debt of gratitude is boundless. With- out his help and unfailing support this book would continue to languish in a dark corner. To him I gratefully dedicate this volume. My friends’ useful com- ments were extremely helpful and I am grateful for the time they invested in reading these pages. Yitzhak Shichor especially saved me from a number of serious mistakes. Among scholars who have sent me often much needed materials, special thanks are due to Hartmut Walravens and Knut Walf. Over the years Wolfgang Kubin has patiently listened to my tirades about Shanghai. Nitza Wu, translator and dear friend, never failed to inquire about my progress and did not miss an opportunity to cheer me on. A number of archives opened their doors in my search for materials and to these I express my gratitude. They include YIVO, Yad Vashem, the American Joint Distribution Committee, and the Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People. Above all, I am grateful to Joan Hill and Itamar Livni. Joan Hill’s research in Harvard’s Widener Library has brought to light materials I did not suspect existed. Her help at every stage of writing is deeply appreciated. I am also vastly indebted to Itamar Livni, who read all of the chapters with a critical eye. He pointed out a number of crucial problems that needed correcting and clarification. He also prepared Appendix One of street names and Appendix Four of English and German language memoirs. He has my utmost gratitude for his friendship and his tireless help. Last but certainly not least, I am deeply grateful to Dr. Albrecht Doehnert and to Professor Wilhelm, editor of this series of Modern Jewish History, for her kind words of support. Dr. Doehnert’s encouragement to persevere has made possible the publication of this book. For Dr. Julia Brauch’s unstinting YLLL $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV encouragement and support I am more grateful than I can ever express. Her warm letters and sage advice accompanied me every step of the way in the process of seeing the volume into print. The skillful and painstaking copy editing by Ms. Marcia Rothschild has led to untold improvements of the text. Old friends and new–Ioweallofthem a huge debt of gratitude. 0DS ɢ5HSXEOLF RI &KLQDɣ )URP 7HVV -RKQVWRQ 'HNH (UK 7KH /DVW &RORQLHV :HVWHUQ $UFKLWHFWXUH LQ &KLQDɠV 6RXWKHUQ 7UHDW\ 3RUWV +RQJNRQJ 2OG &KLQD +DQG 3UHVV IURQWLV SLHFH %\ SHUPLVVLRQ RI 'HNH (UK 7DEOH RI &RQWHQWV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV YLL $EEUHYLDWLRQV [LY ,QWURGXFWLRQ &KDSWHU 6KDQJKDL %HJLQQLQJV RI WKH 7UHDW\ 3RUW 6KDQJKDL XQWLO WKH 6LQR-DSDQHVH :DU RI %DJKGDGL 6HSKDUGL DQG 5XVVLDQ $VKNHQD]L -HZV 6KDQJKDLɠV 5XVVLDQ DQG -DSDQHVH &RPPXQLWLHV $IWHUPDWK RI WKH +RVWLOLWLHV 6KDQJKDL+DUELQ7LDQMLQ &KDSWHU *HUPDQ\ɠV &KLQD 3ROLF\ )RUFHG (PLJUDWLRQ DQG WKH 6HDUFK IRU $OWHUQDWLYH 'HVWLQDWLRQV 7KH )LUVW -HZLVK $UULYDOV LQ &KLQD ɜ *HUPDQ\ɠV (DVW $VLDQ 3ROLWLFV EHWZHHQ &KLQD DQG -DSDQ 0RQH\ 7UDGH $UPV DQG 0LOLWDU\ 0LVVLRQV )RUFHG (PLJUDWLRQ $OWHUQDWLYH 'HVWLQDWLRQV 0DQFKXNXR WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV <XQQDQ &KDSWHU ɢ7R 6XIIHU D 0DUW\UɠV 'HDWK 5DWKHU WKDQ 3HULVK LQ 6KDQJKDLɣ RU WR ɢ'LH DV )UHH 0HQ LQ 6KDQJKDLɣ 7KH -RXUQH\V 7KH 5HIXJHH )ORRG DQG LWV &HVVDWLRQ )DFWRUV /LPLWLQJ 6HD 7UDYHO 5HVSRQVHV LQ 6KDQJKDL 7KH 3HUPLW 6\VWHP /HJLWLPDWH DQG )RUJHG 3HUPLWV 2YHUODQG 5RXWHV &KDSWHU 6WUDQJHUV LQ 6KDQJKDL *HWWLQJ 6HWWOHG )ODWV DQG +HLPH (QWHUWDLQPHQW [LL 7DEOH RI &RQWHQWV /LWLJDWLRQ 3XEOLVKLQJ ,QVWLWXWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 6\QDJRJXHV %XULDO 6RFLHWLHV DQG &HPHWHULHV +RVSLWDOV DQG 6FKRROV 7R /HDYH 6KDQJKDL &KDSWHU <HDUV RI 0LVIRUWXQH ɜ (DVWMHZFRP /DXUD 0DUJROLV DQG WKH 3ROLVK -HZV 7KH 3DFLILF :DU DQG WKH -HZLVK &RPPXQLWLHV $QWL6HPLWLVP 7KH 3URFODPDWLRQ DQG 7KH ɢ'HVLJQDWHG $UHDɣ /LIH LQ WKH *KHWWR &KDSWHU (QG RI :DU DQG WKH -HZLVK ([RGXV 7KH 'LVDVWHU RI -XO\ /HDYLQJ &KLQD 6KDQJKDL 5HPHPEHUHG 6RPH )LQDO 5HPDUNV $SSHQGLFHV $SSHQGL[ 2OG DQG 1HZ 6WUHHW 1DPHV 0HQWLRQHG LQ 7H[W $SSHQGL[ -RXUQDOV DQG 1HZVSDSHUV 3XEOLVKHG LQ 6KDQJKDL IRU WKH -HZLVK &RPPXQLWLHV ɜ $SSHQGL[ 'RFXPHQWDU\ )LOPV DERXW 6KDQJKDL $SSHQGL[ 3DUWLDO /LVW RI 3XEOLVKHG *HUPDQ DQG (QJOLVK /DQJXDJH 0HPRLUV DQG $XWRELRJUDSKLHV $SSHQGL[ $ %LRJUDSKLFDO 6NHWFK RI WKH .DUIXQNHO )DPLO\ $SSHQGL[ /LVW RI *HUPDQ 5HIXJHHV (QWHULQJ 6KDQJKDL 6LQFH 5HJLVWUDWLRQ 0DGH E\ =DQJ]RX 3ROLFH 6WDWLRQ *ORVVDU\ RI &KLQHVH 1DPHV DQG 7HUPV 7DEOH RI &RQWHQWV [LLL %LEOLRJUDSK\ $UFKLYHV 1HZVSDSHUV ,QWHUYLHZV %RRNV $UWLFOHV ,QGH[ RI 3HUVRQV $EEUHYLDWLRQV JDC American Jewish Joint Distribution Committe CP China Press DGB Dagongbao CAHJP Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People CAEJR Committee for the Assistance of European Jewish Refugees IM Israel’s Messenger JT Japan Times JFM Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1868–1945, S Series Microfilm JN Juedisches Nachrichtenblatt NAC National Archives of Canada, Manuscript Division NCH North China Herald PRO Public Record Office SEPM Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury SMP Shanghai Municipal Police Investigation Files, 1899–1944, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, Record Group 263 SMC Shanghai Municipal Council XSB Xin Shenbao YVA Yad Vashem Archives YIVO Yiddisher Wissenshaftlicher Institut ,QWURGXFWLRQ Shanghai today is a city of nearly twenty million inhabitants. The largest urban center in China, it is a metropolis not only of skyscrapers, flourishing business establishments and shipping, but also of museums and many universities. At first sight, the traveler of six or seven decades