Electromagnetic Near-field Characterization & Occupational Exposure to RF Waves in Industrial Environment Kassem Jomaa To cite this version: Kassem Jomaa. Electromagnetic Near-field Characterization & Occupational Exposure to RF Waves in Industrial Environment. Optics / Photonic. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2018. English. NNT : 2018GREAT111. tel-02146578 HAL Id: tel-02146578 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02146578 Submitted on 4 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : OPTIQUE ET RADIOFREQUENCES Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par « Kassem JOMAA » Thèse dirigée par « Jalal JOMAAH », et codirigée par « Fabien NDAGIJIMANA » Préparée au sein du Laboratoire IMEP-LaHC de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, dans l'École Doctorale Electronique, Electrotechnique, Automatique, Traitement du Signal (EEATS) Caractérisation du Champ Proche Electromagnétique et Exposition Professionnelle aux Ondes RF en Milieu Industriel Electromagnetic Near-field Characterization & Occupational Exposure to RF Waves in Industrial Environment Thèse soutenue publiquement le « 14 Décembre 2018 », devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Joe WIART Professeur à Telecom Paris Tech, Président du jury Monsieur Philippe LEVEQUE Professeur à l’Université de Limoges, XLIM, Rapporteur Monsieur Jean-Lou DUBARD Professeur à l’Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, LEAT, Rapporteur Monsieur Philippe DESCAMPS Professeur des Universités, Rouen, IRSEEM- ESIGELEC, Examinateur Monsieur Jalal JOMAAH Professeur à Grenoble-INP, Directeur de thèse Monsieur Fabien NDAGIJIMANA Professeur à l’Université Grenoble-Alpes, Co-directeur de thèse Acknowledgements First, foremost, and forever, thanks God Almighty. Thanks for blessing me much more than I deserve, thanks for everything. The work presented in this manuscript have been carried out at IMEP-LaHC laboratory in collaboration with Pheline, a test lab that is specialized in the study of the electromagnetic fields phenomenon and its interactions with the environment, at CSTB – Grenoble. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Fabien Ndagijimana and Prof. Jalal Jomaah. They have been true mentors during my doctoral study. This thesis was not to be possible without their invaluable support, guidelines and help, as well as their great advices, and unfailing commitment in my research project and beyond. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof. Joe Wiart for chairing the defense jury. I would also like to sincerely thank Prof. Philippe Descamps for examining this thesis, as well as Prof. Philippe Leveque and Prof. Jean-Lou Dubard for their much appreciated involvements in my thesis review and defense. Moreover, I would like also to express my thanks to the engineers and technicians, at IMEP-LaHC and CSTB, who offered me a strong support during this journey, as well as the administrative staff for their help in all administrative procedures. I am also thankful for all my colleagues and friends at IMEP-LaHC as well as CSTB, for their support and their good humor. We had a lot of great discussions and we shared beautiful moments. Finally, I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my parents, my sister, and my brother. You helped and supported me a lot all along my studies. I would like also to take the opportunity to express my love to my spouse, Fatima, who supported me the most, during the good and the bad days. Grenoble, December 2018 Kassem i ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi General Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Literature Review ............................................................................. 5 1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................6 1.2. Electromagnetic Fields ...................................................................................................7 1.3. Electromagnetic Compatibility .....................................................................................12 1.4. Interaction between EM fields and matter ....................................................................16 1.5. Radiofrequency Dosimetry ...........................................................................................18 1.6. State of the art in measurements of EM fields ..............................................................22 1.7. Standards and Guidelines .............................................................................................24 1.8. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................26 1.9. References ....................................................................................................................27 Chapter 2: Design & Characterization of Tri-Axial Magnetic Field Probes 31 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................32 2.2. Electromagnetic field probes ........................................................................................32 2.3. EM-field probes parameters .........................................................................................35 2.4. Development of the 3D Near-field Scanning System ...................................................37 2.5. Measurement Chain ......................................................................................................40 2.6. EM-field Probes Calibration techniques .......................................................................43 2.7. Single Magnetic field Probes ........................................................................................49 2.8. Development of Tri-axial Magnetic field Probes .........................................................62 2.9. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................70 2.10. References ....................................................................................................................71 Chapter 3: Radiated EMF Prediction Method Based on PWS Algorithm ... 73 3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................74 3.2. Electromagnetic wave propagation ...............................................................................75 3.3. Principle of the Plane Wave Spectrum Algorithm ........................................................76 3.4. Algorithm Implementation ...........................................................................................80 3.5. Validation of the Algorithm ..........................................................................................83 3.6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................89 iii 3.7. References .................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter 4: RFID Near-field Characterization ................................................ 91 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 92 4.2. RFID Systems .............................................................................................................. 93 4.3. RFID Reader Antennas ................................................................................................ 98 4.4. In Situ Measurements ................................................................................................. 100 4.5. In-Lab Experimental Analysis ................................................................................... 106 4.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 123 4.7. References .................................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 5: Industrial RF Welding Machines EMF Characterization ........ 127 5.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................