S5I c<P '-6~e +-`X, a-s9 F7O--CI. OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY POST OFFICE BOX X LESTER OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37831 OPERATED BY MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 86 FEEB1 p4'34 February 12, 1986 Dr. D. J. Brooks Geotechnical Branch Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Room 623-SS Washington, D.C. 20555 Dear Dave: Please find enclosed the "Radwaste Natural Analog Catalog" by D. G. Brookins. Look over the catalog and call me to discuss any proposed follow-on work related to the catalog. Sincerely, Gary K. Jacobs Environmental Sciences Division GKJ/ Enclosure: "Radwaste Natural Analog Catalog," by D. G.Brookins cc w/o enclosure: Office of the Director, NMSS (Attn: Program Support Branch) Division Director, NMSS Division of Waste Management (2) M. R. Knapp, Chief, Geotechnical Branch, NMSS K. C. Jackson, Geotechnical Branch, NMSS D. G. Brookins, University of New Mexico G. F. Birchard, Division of Waste Management, RES A. P. Malinauskas GKJ File WDA t'pfect44i Docket No- tPDR i LnPD H a 860314029 B60212 PDR WPREM EXIORNL 0-0287 PDR at-79 Q -e O \-. Xon c 4 /;& T~OdD , o+ / alic'vralcS JOURNALS RESEARCHED OR UTILIZED: M PG Bulletin American Journal of Science American Mineralogy Bulletin Volcanologique Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Canadian Mineralogist Chemical Geology Clay and Clay Minerals Clay Minerals Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth Science Earth Science Bulletin Economic Geology Environmental Geology GSA Bulletin Geochemical Journal Geochemical International (+ Geochemistry) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geological Journal Geological Magazine Geological Society of London Geology (GSA) International Geology Review Israeli Journal of Earth Science Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics Journal of Geology Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Petrology Journal of Research of the USGS Journal of Sedimentary.Petrology Journal of Structural Geology Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research Lithos Marine Geology Mineralium Deposita Modern Geology Mountain Geologist New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Precambrian Geology Sedimentary Geology Seismological Society of America Tectonophysics - - IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Actinides ..............................l Clay Minerals ........ .. .97 Contact Metamorphism ................ 206 Element Mobility .................... 258 Fractures ...... ..................... 386 Glasses and Nuclear Waste Studies ...392 Hydrothermal Alteration ............. 406 Hydrothermal Deposits ............... 675 Hydrothermal Fluids ................. 684 Hydrothermal Systems ............... 695 Igneous Contact Effects ............. 838 Metamictization ..................... 882 Mineral Solubilities ................ 890 Minor Intrusions, Contact Effects ...901 Miscellaneous ..... .. ......... 923 Repository Rocks .................... 929 Skarns .. ............................. 963 Sorption . ..................... 982 Vein Deposits ........................... 1059 Zeolites ............................ 1082 ACTINIDES 1. A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Germanov, A. I., 1961, Geochemical and hydrodynamic conditions of epigenetic uranium mineralization in petroleum-water zones: Geochemistry, no. 2, p. 107-120. C) Purpose: examine the relationship between uranium deposits and organic matter. Methods: literature review. Results: uranium precipitation occurs when uraniferous groundwater penetrates petroleum reservoirs. Water Eh drops from 500-250 mv to as low as -400 mv, the uranium is reduced and precipitated. The waters must be enriched in U, possibly up to n-10 g/liter. Oxidizing conditions are favorable to enrichment. 2 2. A) Gen. Cat.-Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Naumov, G. B., 1961, Some physicochemical characteristics of the behavior of uranium in hydrothermal solutions: Geochemistry, n. 2, p. 127-147. C) Purpose: examine conditions of uranium ore formation. Methods: literature review. Results: C02, F, S, Cl, and some form of silica are important components of U-bearing hydrothermal solutions. Temperatures range from 25 0C to 3000C, pressures were less than 1000 atm., and the solutions could not have been strongly acid. U may be transported as complicated complex ions, most probably carbonates or fluorides. Most uranium is transported as U-VI and deposited as U-IV. 3 3. A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Yevseyeva, L. S.; Fomina, N. P., 1963, Oxidation-reduction properties of sedimentary uranium bearing rocks: Geochemistry, no. 11, p. 1093- 1098. C) Purpose: examine control of Eh on U-mineralization. Methods: use of LP-5 potentiometer to measure Eh. Results: uranium and pyrite contents of the rocks were directly proportional to the change in Eh(AEh) in solution. The greatest &Eh occurred in rocks that contained organic matter. Reduced rocks showed hEh ranging from 15 to 30 mv. U content may be small despite a large AEh if rock permeability is low. 4 4 . A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Bloxam, T. W., 1964, Uranium, thorium, potassium, and carbon in some black shales from the South Wales coalfield: Geochimica et Cosmo- chimica Acta, v. 28, no. 7, p. 1177-1185. C) Purpose: obtain data on abundance of U and Th, and their relationship to P and C, in black shales. Methods: gamma spectrometry, XRD, flame spectrometry, wet chemical analyses. Results: there is a close, linear relationship between U and organic C. Th/U - 3.2 in these rocks; average U - 4.0 ppm, average Th - 12.3 ppm. Like U and organic C, Th increases linearly with K. Both Th and K have inverse relationships with U. 5 5. A) Gen. Cat.--Hydrothermal alteration or Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Kovalenko, V. I.; Krinberg, I. A.; Mironov, V. P.; Selivanova, G. I., 1964, Behavior of U, Th, Nb and Ta during albilization of granitoids of the Ognitskii complex (eastern Sayan Mountains): Geochemistry International, v. 1, no. 5, p. 868-874. C) Purpose: examine behavior of actinides, Na and Th during metasomatism. Methods: spectrographic analyses; other methods not discussed. Results: the contents of all 4 elements increase from the granite to the quartz-albite metasomatic zone. Decreasing alkalinity of the metasomatic facies favors enrichment of U relative to Th and Nb with respect to Ta. U/Th is higher in alaskites with secondary biotite as opposed to secondary metasomatic riebeckite. 6 6 . A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Serebryakova, M. B., 1964, Application of physicochemical methods to the determination of the mode of occurrence of uranium in groundwaters: Geochemistry International, v. 1, no. 5, p. 898-907. C) Purpose: experimentally.determine forms of U in waters. Methods: dialysis, ion exchange, electrodialysis. Results: colloidal U is absent in the test samples. 95-98% of the uranium occurs as anionic species, specifically, EU02(C03)2(H20)2j2 [U02(CO3 )3J , and U020H+. All samples had a high carbonate ion content (C03/U X 3). Cationic UO2OH+ accounted for only 2% of the uranium. 7 7 . A) Gen. Cat.-Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Cherdyntsev, V. V.; Kazachevskiy, I. V.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D.; Kuz'mina, Y. A., 1965, Plutonium-239 in nature: Geochemistry International, v. 2, no. 5, p. 918-920. C) Purpose: assess distribution of 39Pu in nature. Methods: literature review, alpha spectrometry. Results: neutron capture by 238U and an unknown heavy element (Z - 84-92.94) are the 2 sources of Pu-239 in nature. 39Pu tends to be enriched in waters relative to U-minerals (239Pu/ 238U - 10 7 in water and 10 in U ores). 239Pu has been identified insphene, molybdenite, magnetite, apatite, and zircon in an ore vein, and also in Fe-carbonates and exhaled gases of submarine volcanics. - 8 8 . A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Dement'yev, V. S.; Syromyatnikov, N. G., 1965, Mode of occurrence of thorium isotopes in groundwaters: Geochemistry International, v. 2, no. 1, p. 141-147. C) Purpose: gain information on migration of Th in the supergene zone. Methods: centrifuging., ion exchange, and dialysis. Results: Th content is highest in waters of low salinity, hardness, pH, and high organic content. Data indicate transport as organic colloidal complexes and anionic complexes involving organic acids. Th-232 is most likely associated with colloids, while Th-230 and Th-228 exist in ionic solution. 9 9 . A) Gen. Cat.-Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Kochenov, A. V.; Zinev'yev, V. V.; Lovaleva, S. A., 1965, Some features of the accumulation of uranium in peat bogs: Geochemistry Inter- national, v. 2, no. 1, p. 65-70. C) Purpose: examine accumulation of U in peat bogs as a possible mechanism of U mineralization. Methods: wet chemical methods, dialysis. Results: these U accumulations have formed in an area of normal U concentrations in bedrock and only slightly above background in water. U fixation in peat is a combination of adsorption and reduction of U. These 2 processes result in a stable association between U and organic matter. 10 10. A) Gen. Cat.--Behavior of actinides in geomedia B) Yermolayev, N. P.; Zhidikova, A. P.; Zarinskiy, V. A., 1965, Transport of uranium in aqueous solutions in the form of complex silicate ions: Geochemistry International, v. 2, no. 4, p. 629-641. C) Purpose: establish the behavior of U in silica-rich solutions. Methods: spectrophotometry, wet chemical methods. Results: a sub-colloidal U-ion exists in neutral or slightly alkaline 0 waters at less than 200 C. Its formula is (UO2OH)(HSiO3), or, equivalently, F(U020H)(SiO3)]