CONTENTS 1. Skeletal Development, Anatomy, and Function . 1 Development . 1 Ossification. 1 Bone Structure . 14 Extracellular Matrix: Molecular Organization. 14 Gross Anatomy and Histology. 17 Bone Cell Types . 28 Osteoblasts . 29 Osteocytes . 32 Osteoclasts. 33 Cartilage . 33 The General Approach to Orthopedic Diseases . 45 2. Imaging of Non-Neoplastic Musculoskeletal Disorders . 55 Radiography. 55 Nuclear Medicine. 60 Sonography. 63 Computerized Tomography. 66 Magnetic Resonance Imaging . 70 3. Inherited and Developmental Bone Diseases. 85 Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Growth Plate. 86 Pathologic Assessment: General Guidelines . 87 Growth Abnormalities Primarily Affecting Shape . 90 Gaucher Disease. 90 Niemann-Pick Disease. 98 Sickle Cell Disease. 100 Hemochromatosis. 108 Growth Abnormalities Primarily Affecting Size. 113 Hypopituitarism. 114 Nutritional Dwarfism. 116 Acromegaly and Gigantism . 117 Growth Abnormalities Affecting Both Size and Shape . 120 Skeletal Dysplasias . 120 Disproportionate Short Stature with Extremities Shorter than Trunk. 124 Thanatophoric Dysplasia. 124 Achondroplasia . 139 Pseudoachondroplasia . 146 xiii Non-Neoplastic Diseases of Bones and Joints Campomelic Dysplasia. 152 Diastrophic Dysplasia . 156 Disproportionate Short Stature with Extremities Longer than Trunk. 160 Mucopolysaccharidoses . 160 Limb Reduction Abnormalities/Limb Deficiencies/Dysmelia. 171 Amelia/Phocomelia. 171 Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency (Femur-Fibula-Ulna) Syndrome . 178 Supernumerary Digits/Polydactyly . 183 Lipid Storage Diseases. 189 Xanthomatosis. 189 Erdheim-Chester Disease. 194 Membranous Lipodystrophy of Bone/Nasu-Hakola Disease. 198 Polyvinylpyrrolidone Storage Disease. 202 Abnormalities of Matrix Formation and Modeling: Sclerosing Dysplasias. 204 Melorheostosis. 207 Osteopetrosis. 213 Pyknodysostosis . 220 Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann Disease, including Ribbing Disease II) . 227 Pyle Disease (Metaphyseal Dysplasia). 230 Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia. 231 Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy. 233 Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis . 238 Hardcastle Disease/Diaphyseal Medullary Stenosis with Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. 243 Osteogenesis Imperfecta. 251 Fibrogenesis Imperfecta Ossium. 267 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome . 268 4. Traumatic and Circulatory Alterations of Bone . 299 Fractures. 299 Fracture Classification. 308 Pathologic Fractures. 309 Stress (Insufficiency) Fractures. 312 Fracture Biomechanics. 312 Biomechanical Properties of Bone. 313 Biology of Fracture Repair. 313 Intraarticular Fractures. 320 Osteonecrosis. 322 Osteonecrosis of the Scaphoid. 328 xiv Contents Osteonecrosis of the Talus . 328 Osteonecrosis of the Hip. 331 Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of the Femoral Head . 332 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (Adolescent Coxa Vara, Epiphysiolysis, Epiphysiolisthesis) . 333 Bone Infarction. 335 Osteochondroses . 336 Perthes Disease (Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease). 336 Panner Disease. 338 Köhler Disease. 338 Freiberg Disease. 338 Sever Disease . 339 Scheuermann Disease . 339 Osgood-Schlatter Disease. 340 Osteochondritis Dissecans . 341 Pseudarthrosis. 342 Nonunion . 344 5. Common Disorders of Skeletal Supporting Structures Including Tendons, Ligaments and Periarticular Tissues . 355 Tendinosis/Tendinopathy (Tendinitis). 355 Calcific Tendinitis. 373 Plantar Fasciitis. 376 Adhesive Capsulitis . 380 Bursitis . 381 Entrapment/Impingement Syndromes . 387 De Quervain Disease and Trigger Finger. 387 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. 392 Morton “Neuroma”. 395 Hoffa Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome . 400 6. Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases . 411 Suppurative (Pyogenic, Bacterial) Osteomyelitis. ..