The Spatial Politics of Turkey's Justice and Development Party (AK Party): On Erdoganian Neo-Ottomanism Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Dorroll, Courtney Michelle Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 06:06:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556854 1 THE SPATIAL POLITICS OF TURKEY’S JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTY (AK PARTY): ON ERDOĞANIAN NEO-OTTOMANISM by Courtney Michelle Dorroll _____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MIDDLE EASTERN & NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Courtney Michelle Dorroll, titled The Spatial Politics of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AK Party): On Erdoğanian Neo-Ottomanism and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 2/23/2015 Aomar Boum _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 2/23/2015 Linda Darling _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 2/23/2015 Leila Hudson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 2/23/2015 Amy Newhall Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 4/30/2015 Dissertation Director: Leila Hudson ________________________________________________ Date: 4/30/2015 Dissertation Director: Amy Newhall 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. 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SIGNED: Courtney Michelle Dorroll 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Illustrations Index…………………………………………………………………………………8 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..10 Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..11 Mapping Erdoğan from Model to Menace…...…………………………………..18 Cultural Capital…………………………….….…………………………………20 Who Has the Right to the City, Neighborhood, Building, or Park: Issues of Public Space and Place………..………………………………………22 Secular vs. Religious……………………….…………………………………….24 Ethnography in Action…………………….……………………………………..26 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………..28 Chapter 2: Background………………………………..…………………………………………32 A Historical Analysis of the Late Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic………………………………………………………...32 Kemalism………………………………………………………………...34 A Shift from Kemalism to an Islamic Bourgeoisie………………………39 Erdoğan as Mayor of Istanbul……………………………………………43 Erdoğan’s Framing of the Ottoman Past…………………………………47 The Politics of Remembering: Neo-Ottomanism in Turkey……………………..51 Özalian Neo-Ottomanism and Erdoğanian Neo-Ottomanism…………...56 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….62 5 Chapter 3: Theory………………………………………………………………………………..63 The Built Environment in Contemporary Turkey………………………………..63 The Justice and Development Party (AK Party)’s Use of Public Space……………………………………………………...69 Neoliberalism…………………………………………………………………….76 Pierre Bourdieu’s Concept of Cultural Capital…………………………………..79 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….83 Chapter 4: Istanbul as the European Capital of Culture………………………………………...85 Background of the ECoC………………………………………………………..88 Using the ECoC to Justify Gentrification……………………………………….90 Metaphors of Bridging East and West…………………………………………..96 Istanbul as an Open-Air Museum………………………………………………..97 Neo-Ottoman Programming of Istanbul as the ECoC in 2010…………………101 ECoC’s Cultural Capital………………………………………………………..106 Politics, Culture and Governmentality………………………………………….113 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...117 Chapter 5: Hamamӧnü, Reimagining an Ankara Neighborhood………….……...……………121 Before and After Photos of Hamamӧnü………………………………………...121 Background……………………………………………………………………..129 Internal Relations within Hamamӧnü…………………………………………..132 Location and Background...…………………………………………….132 Hamamӧnü in the Archive: Documenting the Historic 6 Old Ankara Houses of Hamamӧnü……………………………………..134 The History of Residential Architecture in Hamamӧnü………………..138 Rural Migration to Hamamӧnü…………………………………………140 Rural-Urban Hybridity in the Hayatlı Evi……………………………...143 The Altındağ Municipality and the Hamamӧnü Restoration Project……………………………………………………………...147 Cultural Capital and Neoliberalism in the Hamamӧnü Redevolpment Project…………………………………………………..153 Hamamӧnü’s Religious Significance…………………………………………..157 Reactions to the Project: Interlocutors within Hamamӧnü…………………….159 Reactions to the Project: Objections by Expert Organizations…………………163 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...166 Chapter 6: Sites of Protest: Istanbul’s Gezi Park and Ankara’s Ulucanlar Prison………………………………...…....................................................170 Critical Voices of the Protest…………………………………………...173 My Encounter with Gezi Park…………………………………………..173 The Motif of “Festival” in Gezi Park…………………………………...175 The Outline of the Events at Gezi Park………………………………...177 Pro-Gezi Analyses of the Events……………………………………….184 Anti-Gezi Analyse of the Events……………………………………….190 Cultural Capital and Neoliberalism in Gezi Park………………………193 The Ulucanlar Prison Museum…………………………………………………………201 7 From Prison to Museum………………………………………………………..203 Visiting the Prison Museum: On Authenticity and Idealization……………….206 Interviews at the Altındağ Municipality………………………………………..212 The Ulucanlar Prison…………………………………………………………...214 Cultural Captial and Neoliberalism in the Ulucanlar Culture and Arts Center………………………………………………...218 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...............219 Chapter 7: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..………222 Who Has the Right to the City?...........................................................................225 Art and Heritage………………………………………………………………...229 Further Research Ideas………………………………………………………….231 Works Cited.…………………………………………………………………………...……….233 8 ILLUSTRATIONS INDEX Illustration 1: Political Cartoon by Arend van Dam……………………………………………..48 Illustration 2: Political Cartoon in Leman………………………………………………………………48 Illustration 3: AK Party Election Campaign Photo. Photo from Hürriyet ………………………51 Illustration 4: Official Municipality Logo for Istanbul as the European Capital of Culture in English…………………………………………………………………….86 Illustration 5: Official Municipality Logo for Istanbul as the European Capital of Culture in Turkish…………………………………………………………………….86 Illustration 6: Sulukule Project. Photo Courtesy of the Fatih Municipality…………………......93 Illustration 7: Roma in Sulukule. Photo Courtesy of Milliyet ………………….………………118 Illustration 8: New Ottoman-Inspired Apartments in Sulukule. Photo Courtesy of Hurriyet…… ………………………………………………………………...119 Illustration 9: Fırın Street Before. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality……………...121 Illustration 10: Fırın Street After. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality……………....121 Illustration 11: Inanlı Street Before. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality……………122 Illustration 12: Inanlı Street After. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality…………..…122 Illustration 13: Mehmet Akif Park Before. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality…….123 Illustration 14: Mehmet Akif Park After. Photo Courtesy of the Altındağ Municipality………123 Illustration 15: Google Map of Hamamӧnü Marking the Karacebey Turkish Bath……………127 Illustration 16: First and Second Floor Plans from a House on Cingӧz Street in Hamamӧnü. House Number 26. Courtesy of SALT Galata………………………......135 9 Illustration 17: Sketch of the Home on Gӧztepe Street in Hamamӧnü and First Floor Plan. House Number 27. Courtesy of SALT Galata………………………....135 Illustration 18: Second Floor Plan of House Number 27 on Gӧztepe Street in Hamamӧnü. Courtesy of SALT Galata……………………….…...........................................135 Illustration 19: First and Second Floor Plan. House Number 27 on Dӧrtyol Koyungӧz Street, Hamamӧnü. Courtesy of SALT Galata…..……..........................136 Illustration 20: First and Second Floor Plan. House Number 25 on Dӧrtyol Koyungӧz Street, Hamamӧnü. Courtesy of SALT Galata…..……..........................136 Illustration 21-23: Three Exterior Shots of Homes in Hamamӧnü. Courtesy of SALT Galata…..…….........................................................136