MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U. P. 1906-1937 OAMAV''^ ***' THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ©ottor of ^liilogoplip IN Jlis^torp Supervisor Research scholar umar cKai Head Department of History Banaras Hindu University VaranaSi-221005 FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI-221005 Enrolment No.-l 73954 Year 1994 D©NATED BY PROF Z. U. SIDDIQUI DEPT. OF HISTORY. A.M.U. T5235 Poll * TtU. OJfiet : BADUM Hindu Univenity Q»3H TeUphone : 310291—99 (PABX) Sailwaj/Station Vkranui Cantt. SS^^/ Telex ;645 304 BHU IN Banaras Hindu University VARANASI—221005 R^. No..^ _ IMPARWBif 99 HliiOllir 2)ate<i - 9lftlfltilt Bft#fi titii Stall flf Ifti ffti1?t QfilifllfttI !Uiiitii X te*M^ c«rtify tHat ttM thatit •! Sti A^«k Kunat fttl. MiltUd ^Htfllii tM&mw^tp III U.F, ElitwMfi (t9%^im)»* Htm f««i»««^ fdMlAi iHMlit mf awp«rviai«n in tti« D»p«ftMifit of Hitt^y* Facility 9i So€i«d SdL«nc«t« n&ntwmM Hindu Ufiiv«rtity« ™—- j>v ' 6 jjj^ (SUM.) K.S. SMitte 0»»««tMllt of ^tj^£a»rtmentrfHj,,0| ^ OO^OttMOt of Hittflf SaAovoo Hin^ llRiiSaSu^iifi Sec .. ^^*^21. »«»•»•• Htm At Uiivovoity >^otflR«ti • 391 005' Dep«tfY>ent of History FACULTY OF SOCIAL S' ENCES Bsnafas Hir-y Unlvacsitv CONTENTS Page No. PREFACE 1 - IV ARBRBVIATIONS V INTRODUCTION ... 1-56 CHAPTER I : BIRTH OF fvUSLiM LEAaJE AND LEADERSHIP IN U .P . UPTO 1916 ... 57-96 CHAPTER II MUSLIM LEADERSHIP IN U .P . DURING KHILAFAT AND NON CO-OPERATION MO ^fAENT ... 97-163 CHAPTER III MUSLIM POLITICS AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P, DURING Sy/AR.AJIST BRA ...164 - 227 CHAPTER IV : MUSLL\^S ATflTUDE AND LEADERSHIP IN U.P. BETJVEKN 1930-1937 ...223 - 276 CONCUJSION ...277 - 281 APPRNDIX ...282 - 290 RI8LI0GRAPI-IY ...291 - 295 PREFACE Works on muslims and their leaders have been dealt by important write^rs like Francis Robinson, Stanley Wolpert, Pirzada, K.K. Aziz, Mushir-ul-Hassan, i\1. Mujeeb, W.W. Hunter, Peter Hardy and Khaliquzzaman. A stody, however on rnuslim leadership in U.P. (1906-1937) has not been dealt with separa­ tely so far, Hencethis topic has been chosen to highlight the various aspects such as their aims, their rise to power, their working pattern and their contribution. In order to facilitate the description of the study, the work has been divided, covering the above mentioned oeriod into four parts, viz. 1906-1916 (Part I), 1917-1923 (Part II), 1924- 1929 (Part III) and 1930 - 1937 (Part IV). The main criteria of this division is the change which took place in various aspe­ cts of rnuslim politics in 1906, 1916, 1923, 1930 and 1937. These years are the turning points in rnuslim politics in U.P. as well as in India. One may see many changes in muslim politics during these years. Nature, aim and working pattern of leadership got changed, completely or partly, in these years. In introduction a brief history of the advent of Islam in India has been given. Nature, tendencies, thought and beliefs of these new-comers from central Asia are the main points oE study in this chapter. The process of their intermingling with the then Indian society has also been discussed. Difinitions and standards of leadership have also been discussed in Introduction. ii In the first chapter, the circumstances and policies of muslim leaders who brought the birth of muslim league has been discussed. The oolicies and attitude of Muslim League towards BritisH government and Indian National Congress has also been studied in this chapter. The struggle for leadership bet­ ween 'young party' and 'old party' (two groups of muslims popu­ larly denoted as) also has been explained in this chapter. In chapter second the politics between 1917 to 1923 has been assessed. Young party became victorious and snatched the leadership from old party. A new class of leadership comes on the scene. This was the Ulama. This was the class who dominated the muslim politics of this phase. Chapter third deals with the policies and attitude of muslims of U.P. towards the Swarajists, Nehru report and Simon commission. We see that the politics and leadership of muslims were scattered durino these years. Chapter fourth deals with the muslim politics between 1930-37. Muslims attitude towards Gandhi's civil disobedience movement, Round Table Conference and communal awards has been studied in this chapter. One of the main point of this phase is the government of India Act 1935. Safe-guards for the muslims was the main principle of the Act. weightage and reservations of seats provided in the act reflects the British policy of wining goodwill of the muslim community. The Provincial Legislative Election of 1935 in U.P, is the main point of study of this chapter. Congress was the victorious party in U.P, and ministry Ill was formed by G.3. Pant, But Muslim leaders adopted a policy of attack on the congress. Thus, ^s far as I hope, this work will be an interesting and important addition to the studies on National movement in India. For the muslims in general and specially in U.P. have played a pivotal role in the national movement. The analysis of motives, characteristics and pattern of working of these muslim leaders is of qreat interest to a student of Indian History. I have utilised possibly all available sources of information. I oay my grateful thanks in this connection to the authorities of Sayaji Rao Hayakwad library R.H.I^., Lytlon Librr:>ry A.f.U., National Archieves, F-.'ew Delhi, National Library ,Calcuttf:,, American Institute library Ramnagar, Library of Ramnagar fort, Gandhian Institute Rajghat and Nagari Pracharini Shabha, Varannsi, for their generous help extended to me. I pay my great regard to my supervisor Dr. (.Miss. ) K.S. Santha, without whose affectionate inspiration and proper guid?;- nce the study would not have been completed. I pay my great regard also to my respected teachers Prof. J.P. Mishra, Dr. J. Chaubey, Dr. J.S. Mishra, Dr. Sumitra Guota, Dr. Anand Shankar Singh, Dr. Rajeshwar Pandey and Dr. Aruna Sinha, for their blessings. I am grateful to Dr. Rakesh Pandey, Dr. Awadh Narayan Tripathi and Dr. Shashi Qhusan Tiwari for their prompt help­ fulness. IV I express my thankfulness to my friends, V. Singh, M.K. Oubey, J,P. Rai, Vijay ji and Shivanand ji, who made this job easier by t4ieir proper suqqestions. I am much obliged to my Brother-in-law, Sriman Chondradh-'^r Prasad Narayan Sinqh ji ,(3hsnu Babu) for his kind guidance during tlie base-framinn days of my life. I am thankful to Sri Atul Srivastava of M./s. Aparna Typevjriting House, Sankat Mochan, /aranasi for his careful typino. ( ASHOK KUMAR RAI ) V Abbreviations AICCP - All India Congress Committee Papers CP - Central Province CUL - Cambridge University Library a'.'G - Collected works of M-K. Gandhi D - Deposit DG - District Gazetter of the United Provinces FM - Firangi Mahal FR - Fortnightly Report GAD - General Administration Department ICS - Indian Civil Service lOL - India Office Library loB - India Office Record JMI - Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi NAI - National Archives of India NMM - Nehru Memorial Musleum, New Delhi NV/P - North-West Provinces Poll - Political UPCC - United Provinces Congress Committee UPS - Uttar Pradesh Secretariat Archives WRDCI - Weekly report of the Director of Central intelligence. INTRODUCTION SSSSSStSCSSSSSCESSESSSSSBSISSS&SSSSSStSSSSSCISSSSSSSrSSSSSC Right from the early beginning of the History of the Human being,'Leadership* has played an important role to guide the so'ciety. Society without a leader will be a boat without rudder. Leadership is an ability to dominate the stream of thought of society. Either it may be good or bad, society has to bear the results. Leadership also has to bear so. It seems that the games between leaders and suppor­ ters are the main job of our world. Teachers, Saints, family heads, and political leaders use their art of leadership to show a better path to society. But in some cases selfishness enters into leadership and tries to take the society towards the hell. Now, in the modern democratic age it is easy to a common man to follow his own leaders, and practice his own reasonable thoughts. Leadership is a concept applied to the personality, environment relation to describe the situation when a perso­ nality is so placed in the environment that his will, feeling and insight directs and controls others in pursuit of common cause. According to Lapiere and Fransworth - Leadership is behaviour that affects the behaviour of other people more than their behaviour affects that of the leader.^ What is popula­ rly called leadership is more accurately to be discussed in terms of dominance/^ Leadership is a foundation on which the super-structure of society is based. After the entry of Islam in India, in 8th century A.D., Muslims have been the prominent figure of Indian political history. Thife interaction between the Hindustani and Islamic culture also have taken an important place in our history. The revival or changes in the fields of culture, religion, education, economy and even in daily life style, always take place through the movements of the leaders. How the leadership of the Muslim community has led the Society is the question here. Contribution and partici­ pation of the Muslim leadership will be very clear after the assessment of the events of our history and the role of Muslim leaders. A real leader is one, who is able to (i) arrive at a correct diagnosis of the ills of a group, community or people, (ii) make a realistic assessment of their aspirations, (iii) think of effective remedial measures, (iv) frame a workable and practical programme (v) get it whole hartedly accepted by his followers and (vi) lead them successfully to implement, the programme, remove their difficulties and make them reach the objective.^ But one may say that unfortunately Indian Muslims have not been able to produce many such eminent leaders, who may have been able to analyse the distress of muslims and achieve at least some measure of success in removing even part of their difficulties.