A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Cipusheva, Hristina et al. Book — Published Version Brain circulation and the role of the diaspora in the Balkans - Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia Suggested Citation: Cipusheva, Hristina et al. (2013) : Brain circulation and the role of the diaspora in the Balkans - Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia, http://www.rrpp-westernbalkans.net/en/research/Completed-Projects/Regional/Brain-Circulation- and-the-Role-of-Diasporas-in-the-Balkans/mainColumnParagraphs/0/text_files/file1/Brain %20Circulation%20and%20the%20Role%20of%20Diasporas%20in%20the%20Balkans.pdf This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/88576 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia Editor Abdulmenaf Sejdini Editor in Chief Abdulmenaf Sejdini Project Teams Albania - University of Tirana, Faculty of Economics: Fatmir Memaj, Esmeralda Shehaj Macedonia – South East European University: Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, Abdulmenaf Sejdini, Hristina Cipuseva, Luljeta Sadiku Kosovo – Riinvest Institute: Sokol Havolli, Artane Rizvanolli, Bardha Qirezi External Supervisers Denise Efionayi-Maeder, Didier Ruedin Project Manager Abdulmenaf Sejdini Proofreader Heather Henshaw Technical Design Mensur Mamuti Printing Arberia Design Publisher South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia 3 Prepared in the framework of the Regional Research Promotion Programme in the Western Balkans (RRPP), which is run by the University of Fribourg upon a mandate of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SDC, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent opinions of the SDC and the University of Fribourg. 4 Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................... 5 PART ONE ............................................................................................................................ 7 COMPARATIVE REGIONAL REPORT Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, Abdulmenaf Sejdini, Esmeralda Shehaj, Sokol Havolli CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II ..................................................................................................................... 25 STUDENT INTENTIONS TO MIGRATE - FROM THE BALKANS CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................... 30 RETURNEES AND DISPORA - TO THE BALKANS CHAPTER IV .................................................................................................................. 39 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS PART TWO COUNTRY REPORTS Albania Country Report ................................................................................... 88 Fatmir Memaj, Esmeralda Shehaj Kosovo Country Report ................................................................................... 172 Sokol Havolli, Artane Rizvanolli, Bardha Qirezi Macedonia Country Report ............................................................................ 222 Abdulmenaf Sejdini, Hristina Cipusheva, Luljeta Sadiku 4 CHAPTER I | INTRODUCTION 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the final product of the two-year-long regional research project, Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. The project was supported and funded by the Regional Research Promotion Programme (RRPP), which is run by the University of Fribourg upon the mandate of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. The research was jointly conducted by the Faculty of Business and Economics in South East European University as a coordinating host institution, and as regional partners the Faculty of economics in University of Tirana, and Riinvest Institute in Prishtina. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks for their hard work to my colleagues Hristina Cipusheva(SEEU), Luljeta Sadiku(SEEU), Fatmir Memaj(UT), Esmeralda Shehaj (UT) and Sokol Havolli(Riinvest Institute), Artane Rizvanolli (Riinvest Institute). On my behalf and on the behalf of the research team members and their affiliated institutions, we would like to express our profound gratitude to all the individuals at RRPP involved in supporting this project, and particularly to the Programme Director, Prof. Dr. Nicolas Hayoz, to the Programme Manager, Jasmina Opardija-Susnjar, and to the Local Coordinating Unit, Slavica Indzevska. I would like to also express my special thanks to Prof. Abdul Ghaffar Mughal for his initiating and equilibrating role throughout the whole project and for putting a significant effort in writing the comparative regional report part. 5 6 Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia Last, but not least, we would like to express our most special thanks to our external supervisors, Denise Efionayi-Maeder and Didier Ruedin for their valuable comments, inputs, and supervision throughout the whole project. We believe that this research has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the evolving processes of brain circulation in the Western Balkans - OECD corridor. While, it answers many questions, the results also raise some issues that deserve additional investigation and we hope that this research will pave the way for similar and more in-depth research in the region. Project Manager and Editor Abdulmenaf Sejdini 6 CHAPTER I | INTRODUCTION 7 Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia Comparative Regional Report Abdul Ghaffar Mughal, Abdulmenaf Sejdini, Esmeralda Shehaj, Sokol Havolli 7 8 Brain Circulation and the Role of Diasporas in the Balkans – Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia Table of Contents PART ONE ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER I ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Context and Significance of the Research ....................................................................... 11 1.1.1 Labor migration in the Selected Countries –Historical Trends .............................. 11 1.1.2 Significance of Labor Export for Small Economies ...................................................... 11 1.1.3 Significance of the Diaspora-Development Nexus for Western Balkans ............ 12 1. 2 Objectives and Scope of the Study ............................................................................................... 13 1.3 State of Research .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.1 International Student Mobility ............................................................................................. 14 1.3.2 Dynamics of Return .................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.3 Contributions of the Study ...................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Data and Methodological Framework......................................................................................... 20 1.4.1 Survey of Experts and Stakeholders ................................................................................... 20 1.4.2 Intentions to Migrate Survey ................................................................................................. 21 1.4.3 Survey of Returnees ................................................................................................................... 22 1.5 Structure of the Report ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Sample Characteristics