Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 475 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Dwelling Form (IDWELL 2020) The Place-Identity of Denpasar in the 21st Century I Nyoman Gede Maha Putra1* and Ni Wayan Nurwarsih1 1Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering and Planning, Warmadewa University *Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The issue of place-identity is growing importance in the age of globalization where the homogeneity of urban development and architecture threatens the local identity of many places in the world. In Bali, this issue has long been debated and responded by the government by issuing a set of regulation to sustain the sense of place of the built environment. However, the place-identity of a particular place is in a state of constant revision as the way it is built, used, and experienced have changed. This paper explores the dynamic of place-identity construction of a city in constant development. Denpasar, the capital of Bali, is selected as the case study to examine how local people develop their places of living, what drives that development, and what it means to the city’s place-identity in a contemporary situation. A series of fieldworks is conducted to observe the physical development of the city to construct the map of the city. A historical analysis is done by conducting interviews in different localities in the city. An archival analysis is also carried out to understand the dynamic of government policy. The place-identity of the city is constructed from similar philosophies with different practices in dissimilar locations. As a result, the place-identity of the city has long been considered as a patchwork of different characteristics. Moreover, different parts of the city have been developed differently. Managing place-identities could be done by establishing a set of regulations, however, a place is always being constructed and re-constructed by the inhabitants. Therefore, room for innovation should be provided. Keywords: place-identity, urban development explanations of the same place by the same person may be 1. INTRODUCTION different in different time frames as their experience grows [7]. Moreover, limited human capacity leads to a process of Every city has specific characters that make it identifiable selection in the construction of the narrative of a place. This and could be differentiated from other cities. Place-identity process includes which parts should be encompassed and is the term widely used to explain these phenomena not, which part describes the city best, and which part should [1][2][3][4]. However, these characteristics are not given be hidden. Tensions of representation may occur if those because they are meanings people attach to a particular place who think they should be represented are not included in the both as individuals or as a member of a particular society. narrative of the place-identity [8]. Georgina Butina-Watson and Ian Bentley define that: Thus, place-identity of a city might be contested among different groups. Contestation makes places in a city a in a (P)lace-identity is the set of meanings associated state of constant revision. Revision of the components of with any particular landscape, which a person or place occurs since the first time the city was constructed. group of people may draw on, in the construction of Therefore, place-identity is not static. their own personal or social identities. [5] Today, facilitated by political transformation, non- agricultural economic activities and technological Physical component is important element constructing place advancement, the changes occur more rapidly and in global identity, but it would not be meaningful without people’s scale [9]. However, place has a distinct enduring existence perception [6]. People create perception by experiencing, that provides it with a sense of rootedness and a conscious memorizing, and attaching particular meanings to a place. sense of association [6]. This sense provides ‘a secure point Place-identity of a city consists of both urban artefacts and from which to look out on the world, a firm grasp of one’s the way these objects are perceived by humans. Perception own position in the order of things, a significant spiritual and is produced by human’s association with particular place. psychological attachment to somewhere in particular’. [1] Places in a city are used and shared by people of different The enduring quality of place identity is often linked with backgrounds: age, gender, religious belief, etc.; as such, each authenticity [1][5]. Generally, authenticity is understood as person produces different associations with a place. As a the value of a structure or cultural landscape developed by result, different individuals or groups may explain the same local building expert employing home-grown building place differently; the same person may express different traditions with local materials [3][5]. Therefore, authenticity feelings about the same place to different audiences; and is often associated with traditional settlements. Ali Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 113 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 475 Madanipour argues that a city that maintain its authenticity of continuity and change of urban physical and perceptual may attract foreign visitors craving for new experiences. [8] components that construct the urban characters. This will Cities in Asian and African countries were once colonized help us understand the dynamics of the place-identity of the by European powers [10]. During the colonization era, new City of Denpasar. ideas of place-making were introduced to the landscape of Studies by urban morphologists show cities can be the East. Dominant powers of the colonizer changed the understood not only from their physical elements, but also characters of the traditional cities rested upon vernacular socio-cultural and economic dimensions (Conzen, 1960; knowledge. The one-time inward-looking cities with place- Whitehand, 1990; Gauthiez, 2004; Kropf, 2009; Larkham based economic activities were opened up and exposed to the and Conzen, 2014. [5] outside world. The locals were left powerless under the To understand socio-cultural and economic transformation dominant power of the colonizers. The place-identity of of the City of Denpasar, archival and historical analysis have many such cities was transforming in fortnight. been carried out. However, it is difficult to find the earliest Political and economic circumstances after colonialsim were building or settlement of the city. Therefore, the discussion far from stabil. Between the 1940s and 1970s new countries of historical analysis is started by analysing the concept of were born through revolution or agreement. These countries traditional settlement of Bali. Archival data are collected were struggling to define their national characters. Looking from government sources. The result of analysis will be back to the imagined-bright past, the pre-colonial era, were presented in narrative. Urban morphology study involved the norm. However, this method is also criticized. Sigmund physical components examination. In order to do this study, Freud, for instance, argues that our memory of the childhood maps from different time period were studied. has been corrupted as time goes by. We tend to forget, or at Data to carry out analysis were derived from different least try to not remembering, unfavored memories [11]. sources. Maps for examining the city’s spatial and physical Meanings constructed from this method may fulfil only components were accessed through electronic sources from certain groups of people who has great history. Leiden Digital Library. This library also provides numerous Today the search for place-identity in the age of massive documents, including old photographs utilized to carry out technological and economic progress were more important morphological analysis. To complete urban morphology than ever. Obsession for economic wealth has pushed many analysis, transect walk and observation were also carried out cities to quantify their action based on prosperity creation. to obtain first hand data on the characteristics of the natural This has transformed our way of life, diverted our culture landscape, the spatial and physical components and rooted in tradition, lessen the attractiveness of our built- observable human activities in the city. environment. Place-identity is a product of social construction as a result Paul Oliver (2007) argued that without roots, our culture of different voices. Social construction is also not static would be meaningless. He criticized modern development because voices of the people might not always the same in trends that disregard the presence of history. However, given different time frame and in dissimilar political and economic the high speed and great scale of development, the search for circumstances. To analyse these voices, interviews were place-identity might be seen as part of nostalgia and carried out to different urban actors and the users of the city, conservatism. But, the search for place-identity is not only a the local inhabitant. matter of conserving the past for nostalgic purposes, but should also be of contemporary relevance for the meanings and values it holds. 3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS Moreover, the inclusive process of place-identity construction that incorporates different voices and Before going to the 21st century, it is important to look back perceptions may give adequate power to all members of at the origin of the city of Denpasar since its establishment society to participate in managing change. In order to sustain year. This will provide a solid basis to evaluate current its place-identity in the contemporary context, a city rooted situation. In order to do so, a morphological analysis have in tradition and is developing rapidly needs to maintain its been carried out. The analysis starts with a hypothetical traditional value without being fixated on the past.