REAL IDEAS FOR A FAIRER WORLD JESS SCULLY Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 1 1/7/20 12:19 pm CONTENTS Introduction – Rays through the storm clouds 1 1 Rethink utopia 7 2 Recentre the citizen 25 Enable flourishing 29 Remove unfreedoms 33 3 Refocus politics 41 Devolve decision-making 45 Escalate feedback 48 Fork the government 57 Engage beyond elections 67 Raise different voices 76 Model the future 80 Elevate the local 89 Set more seats at the table 95 Let society lead itself 103 Demand a new deal 110 4 Redesign work 119 Expand ownership 125 Form businesses that care 129 Unify the precariat 138 Transition to the democratic economy 146 5 Reward the human 157 Invest in social infrastructure 162 Formalise domestic work 170 Change the conditions of work, improve the conditions of care 178 Decolonise the economy 188 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 4 1/7/20 12:19 pm 6 Recoup the investment 207 Take a stake 210 Stop the stripping 214 Tax pollution, not people 223 7 Reform finance 241 Bank the unbanked 249 Build public banks for public good 253 Know where your money sleeps at night 261 Return money to its proper purpose 270 8 Restore the commons 278 Treat data as a public good 280 Move beyond governments and markets 287 9 Rebuild for equity 292 Map the margins 295 Honour local knowledge 303 Develop skills and relationships, not just property 307 Build spaces for sharing 316 Design smart policy, not just smart cities 319 Invent new old models 325 Question highest and best use 334 Make land contribute value 344 10 Restart a civic conversation 351 Exit the echo chamber 355 Define the social space for action 364 Conclusion – What now? 376 Acknowledgements 384 Endnotes 389 Index 399 About the author 410 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 5 1/7/20 12:19 pm INTRODUCTION Rays through the storm clouds What if the future we need is vastly different to the future we’ve been told to want? What if real progress doesn’t look like driverless cars or hoverboards? Instead, let’s imagine a world in which we value our most human instinct: the drive to care for each other and our planet. What if we stopped swallowing lines from politicians about what is a burden and what is an investment, and recognised that we have the power to decide how we gather and spend money as a society? We have more than enough money to pay for the generous, principled society that we all deserve, and we can direct our leaders to deliver it. What if our cities were designed for people, not property portfolios? Let’s imagine our cities as centres of human flourishing: productive, diverse and just; tools of environmental regeneration and social empowerment. The places we live can 1 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 1 1/7/20 12:19 pm Glimpses of Utopia be designed to unlock our potential to contribute and be part of the solutions we need. What if we stopped shouting at each other? Imagine a public sphere where we could talk about values and the kind of future we want to build together, a media and civic realm where big decisions could be made deliberatively and collectively. All of this is necessary if we are to address the planetary- scale challenges that confront us. Despite the enormity of what lies ahead, this book is a manifesto for hope in the face of cataclysmic change. The heroes of our time aren’t working to save the world as it is: instead, in the ashes of the old, they’re building a new world that’s designed from the outset to be fair and sustainable, caring and creative. With imagination and a shared intention, we can be a part of that change and claim that fairer future. I know it can be really hard to stay optimistic when we’re in the midst of a pandemic, on the verge of an economic depression, and we can see the effects of climate change moving from theory to reality. While I was finishing the first draft of this book, most of the east of Australia burned: every week brought another day of catastrophic fire danger. When the air in the Blue Mountains, where my parents live, became so thick with smoke and ash that they were getting migraines, Mum and Dad temporarily moved into our place in Sydney. Thousands of Australians lost their homes, and millions of animals perished in the most horrible way. While our continent burned, to our north Jakarta flooded, and close to 70 people died in floods and landslides: authorities there went so far as geo-engineering – seeding clouds with sodium chloride – to try to break up the rain clouds. 2 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 2 1/7/20 12:19 pm Rays through the storm clouds This is only the beginning. This is the future climate scientists have been predicting, the volatile, violent natural world we can expect if we persist with business-as-usual behaviour. As if that wasn’t hard enough, it’s not just climate change we have to contend with. Skyrocketing inequality is its twin: devastating and divisive, cutting lives short and stealing potential, turning people against each other and making it harder for us to pull together against the torrent ahead. Like climate change, it has been slowly, steadily building over the course of decades. It is also a wholly un-natural disaster, also human in origin, the utterly predictable result of bad policy being written by the powerful to cement their privilege. From the Stone Age until now, parents could have a reasonable expectation that their kids would be better off than they were, that they’d live a longer, easier life. It’s natural to assume that because things have steadily been getting better for the past 100 or 200 years – life expectancy extending, literacy expanding, child mortality falling, ascent out of poverty accelerating – that the upward trends will continue, and that life will get better and easier for everyone. We can’t take that for granted anymore. In a time of astronomical innovation and unparalleled plenty, we’re beginning to see the trends reverse: after stalling since 2011, in 2017 life expectancy in the UK declined.1 In the United States, 2017 was the second consecutive year of declines in life expectancy, the first time a backward trend has been recorded since the 1960s. If this trend continues, it means that kids born today would live shorter lives than their parents. On current trends, the next generation will also be worse off financially: Harvard economist Raj Chetty has called it the ‘fading American dream’ and demonstrated 3 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 3 1/7/20 12:19 pm Glimpses of Utopia how income mobility has spluttered to a halt as inequality grows.2 In early 2018, the World Economic Forum released a report revealing that both rich and poor countries are failing to deliver intergenerational equality: instead, what they’re passing on to future generations is massive debt and climate damage.3 * Why are we on such a downward spiral? We’re living in the richest, most privileged time in human history, yet we’re increasingly seeing life get shorter and more unfair for many people. Even as we’re hurtling forward with technology, with better communications and connections across the planet, we’re seemingly taking big steps backwards on the metrics you’d think would matter most. Why? This is not yet because of war or natural disaster: it’s the result of the business-as-usual mindset. I think our problems arise because we’re running a 21st-century world with a set of 19th-century institutions and rules. We’ve been rolling along without updating the software our system operates on, and so many foundational assumptions and policies are now completely outdated and out of sync with the way the world works today. There are alternatives to the status quo already in motion, but in the noise of our information-overloaded lives, we’re missing out on hearing about and learning from the people who are proving that another future is possible. Here’s the good news: because humans created these problems, we can also fix them. The even better news is a lot of this work has begun. 4 Glimpses of Utopia_Finals.indd 4 1/7/20 12:19 pm Rays through the storm clouds There are movements, organisations and individuals in every corner of the world who are modelling alternatives to the extractive and exploitative mindset that got us here, and for the first time in history, they can connect with each other to support and amplify their efforts. In Glimpses of Utopia, you’ll meet some of them and hear their stories, and how their efforts and ideas are shaping a better future for us all. The innovators you’ll meet in this book are many and various: they’re teachers and designers, technologists and researchers, artists and activists, policy-makers and politicians. You’ll learn about the approaches that unite these diverse catalysts for change, and most importantly, find out how you can be a part of the solutions too. It’s true that we’re living through dark times, but that’s not the whole story. I want you to feel as hopeful as I do that a better world is within reach. But it’s going to take some work from all of us, as both citizens and advocates, to bring it into being. The challenge that climate change presents is the undercurrent of Glimpses of Utopia – alongside a focus on the inequality that’s tearing us apart – and we need all the scientific and environmental genius in the world focused on preserving our planet.