COMMUNISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PART I A HISTORY OF SOCIALIST THOUGHT: Volume IV, Part I COMMUNISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 1914-1931 BY G. D. H. COLE LONDON M A C M IL L A N & CO L T D NEW YORK • ST MARTIN’S PRESS 1958 Copyright © G. D. H. Cole 1958 MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED London Bombay Calcutta Madras Melbourne THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED Toronto ST MARTIN’S PRESS INC New York PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE h a v e again to acknowledge the ungrudging help given me by many friends in the making of this volume. Three Ipersons for whose judgment I have a high respect — Mr. H. N. Brailsford, Professor Sir Isaiah Berlin, and Mr. Julius Braunthal — read through the entire manuscript and gave me advice that led me to make many corrections and modifications in the opinions expressed. I am again most grateful to them all. I have also many other persons to thank for help with particular chapters, especially in filling in missing dates of births and deaths — for I attach considerable importance to knowing how old my characters were when they did anything worthy of note. Among those who helped me in this respect are M. J. Maitron of the Institut Franyais D ’Histoire Sociale and M. Maurice Dommanget, for France; Dr. Gerhard Gleissberg and Frau Ruth Gleissberg, for Germany ; Mr. Lloyd Ross, for Australia ; Dr. J. P. L. Wiessing, for Holland ; M. Rene Renard, for Belgium ; Mr. Branko Pribicevic, for Yugoslavia ; Mr. S. K. Evangelides, for Greece ; Professor Iwao Ayusawa, for Japan ; Senor Luis Henriquez, for Chile ; Mr. Mark Starr, for the United States ; Senor Carlos Echagiie, for the Argentine ; Mr. Artero Vartia, for Finland ; Mr. J. W. Ames, for Sweden; Mr. H. K. Lehmkuhl, for Norway; Senor Dr. don Felipe de Bustamante, for Peru ; Senor G. Luders de Negri, for Mexico ; M. Charles Barbier, for Switzer­ land ; Dr. Carlo Doglio, for Italy ; Mr. John Gollan, for Com­ munists from a number of countries ; Mr. V. Richards, of the Freedom Press, for a number of Anarchists ; and Mr. Arthur Lehning, for Socialists from Spain and several other countries. I have also to thank Mr. Z. Najder for reading through my chapter on Poland and for making suggestions which caused me to modify it in a number of respects. SOCIALIST THOUGHT There will be, if I survive to write it, one more volume of this history, carrying the record at least to 1945, and possibly further. Looking back, I can see a good deal in my first volume that I should put rather differently if I were writing it now ; but there is no major point on which I see the need for substantial correction. I mean by this, not that I have got everything, or even most things, right, but that I do not think that I could substantially improve what I have written. Great as is the help so many friends have given me, the views expressed are, of course, throughout my own and must not be attributed to those who have lent me their most useful aid. G. D. H. C ole A ll Souls College, O x f o r d December 1957 CONTENTS PART I PAGE P r e f a c e v T h e P r i n c i p a l C h a r a c t e r s ix CHAP. I . I ntroduction i II. T h r e e C o n f e r e n c e s : Z im m e r w a l d , K i e n t h a l , S t o c k h o l m 2 7 III. T h e t w o R u s s ia n R e v o l u t io n s o f 1 9 1 7 63 - IV. G e r m a n y i n W a r - t i m e , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 10 2 V. R e v o l u t io n a n d C o u n t e r - r e v o l u t io n i n G e r m a n y , 1918-1921 133 VI. R u s s ia i n R e v o l u t io n a n d C i v i l W a r , 1917-1921 172 VII. T h e R e v o l u t io n i n A u s t r ia -H u n g a r y : A u s t r ia , H u n g a r y , C zechoslovakia 2 1 3 VIII. T h e B a l k a n s : B u l g a r ia , R u m a n ia , Y u g o s l a v ia , G r e ec e 258 - IX. T h e R iv a l I nternationals , 1919-1921 287 X. S o c ia l is m a n d I nternationalism i n t h e 19 2 0 s : Colonialism, Peace, and Disarmament 3 4 3 _ XI. I t a l y t o t h e F a s c is t V i c t o r y 367 XII. G r e a t B r i t a i n f r o m 1914 t o t h e G e n e r a l S t r i k e 404 vii THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS CHAP. CHAP. REF. REF, V a ii.l a n t , 1840-1915 2 13 S . W e b b , 1859-1947 2 12 ( JltUULICH, 18 4 2 - 19 2 5 2 14 J a u r e s , 1859-1914 2 13 llvNDMAN, 1842-1921 ', 2 12 B r a n t i n g , 1860-1925 IS K r o p o t k in , 1842-1921 1 17 T r o e l s t r a , 1860-1930 2 IS ( illESDE, 18 4 5 - 1 9 2 2 2 13 B r a c k e , 1861-1955 13 M u iir in g , 1846-1919 2 5 L e g i e n , 1861-1920 2 s N iI'UWENHUIS, 1 8 4 6 - 19 19 2 15 B r ia n d , 1862-1932 2 13 W . G . S p e n c e , 1846-1926 2 28 A . F is h e r , 1862-1928 2 28 N n K I . L , 18 4 7 - 19 2 2 2 13 S e m b a t , 1862-1922 13 A x E l-ROD, 1850-1925 2 3 V l ie g e n , 1862-1947 2 IS IIk k n st e in , 1850-1932 2 4 D a v id , 1863-1930 2 4 (il)MPERS, 18 5 0 - 19 2 4 2 23 H a a se , 1863-1919 4 Id.KSlAS, 185O-I925 2 16 H e n d e r so n , 1863-1935 2 12 1 ,1'UEBOUR, 185O -I9 4 7 4 C h k h e id z e , 1864-1926 3 N a t a n so n , 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 19 6 H u g h e s, 1864-1952 2 28 Vol.I.MAR, 18 5 0 - 19 2 2 2 4 J o w e t t , 1864-1944 12 Ill.ATCHFORD, 1 8 5 1 - I 9 4 3 2 1 2 S n o w d e n , 1864-1937 2 12 Z a s u l ic h , 1851-1919 2 3 ScHEIDEMANN, 1865-1939 4 V. A d l e r , 1852-1918 2 7 N . B a n g , 1866-1928 29 M ai.a t e st a , 1853-1932 ', 2 1 1 M a c D o n a l d , 1866-1937 2 12 K a iit s k y , 1854-1938 2 4 S u n Y a t S e n , 1866-1925 2 25 1 >eiis, 18 5 5 - 19 2 6 2 23 V a n d e r v e l d e , 1866-1938 2 14 A nhkkle, 1856-1938 2 14 W e l l s , 1866-1946 2 12 Huk tran d , 1856-1943 2 14 P il s u d s k i, 1867-1935 2 19 1 Iaiidie, 1856-1915 2 12 JOGICHES, 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 1 9 2 4 M a n n , 1856-1941 2 12 G o r k i, 1868-1936 3 Hiia w , 1856-1950 ',2 12 C a c h in , 1869-1958 13 I.a/.z a r i, 1857-1927 1 1 G a n d h i, 1869-1948 27 I'e k k iia n o v , 1857-1918 2 3 E m m a G o l d m a n , 1869-1940 23 Nm ii.i.ie , 1857-1940 2 12 H i l l q u it , 1869-1933 2 23 'I'llRATI, 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 3 2 2 1 1 K r u p s k a ia , 1869-1939 6 /,UTKIN, 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 3 3 29 C o n n o l l y , 1870-1916 2 12 B u r n s, 1858-1941 ', 2 12 d e B r o u c k e r e , 1870-1951 2 14 |, A.