Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Patterns in Adult and Subadult Upper Limb Asymetry from North American Archaic and Mississippian Populations Geoffrey P. Thomas Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PATTERNS IN ADULT AND SUBADULT UPPER LIMB ASYMMETRY FROM NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAIC AND MISSISSIPPIAN POPULATIONS By GEOFFREY P THOMAS A Dissertation su mitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the re(uirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2.11 Copyright 0 2.11 Geoffrey P Thomas All Rights Reser1e i The mem ers of the committee appro1e the dissertation of Geoffrey P Thomas defended on May 2, 2.11. Lynne A. Schepart4 Professor Directing Dissertation Dennis Slice Uni1ersity Representati1e Fran5 6. Marlowe Committee Mem er Glen H. Doran Committee Mem er Appro1ed: Glen H. Doran, Chair, Anthropology The Graduate School has 1erified and appro1ed the a o1e7named committee mem ers. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would li5e to than5 my family Paula, Michael, Brian, and my wife Tara for all of their lo1e and support throughout my life. Especially than5s to Tara, for without your encouragement and perse1erance I would not e in graduate school or e the man I am today. To my mentors at Florida State Uni1ersity, Lynne A. Schepart4, Fran5 6. Marlowe, Glen H. Doran, and Dennis Slice, for inspiring me to ecome a etter researcher, writer, and Anthropologist, I can8t than5 you enough. I would also li5e to than5 all of my fellow graduate students at FSU for their support, ad1ice, and friendship. A special than5s to George Crothers and Nancy O8Malley at the Uni1ersity of 9entuc5y and 9eith :aco i at the Uni1ersity of Ala ama for their assistance and 5indness during my summers spent collecting data. To Eri5 Trin5aus and Sarah Lacy for the use of their porta le x7 ray machine, without which Indian 9noll would only ha1e osteometric data. To Pam and :oni at Thagard Health Center than5 you for their time, effort, and enthusiasm in x7raying the 6indo1er population. Finally, to Christopher Ruff, Benjamin Auer ach, and Li y Cowgill than5 you for your ad1ice and expertise during this process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Ta les ========================. 1ii List of Figures ======================== ix A stract ==========================.. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION =====================. 1 Hypotheses ======================. 2 Pre1ious Immature Sexing Research ============. 2 Growth and De1elopment ================.. 6 2. BONE REMODELING ===================. 8 Responses of Bone ===================. 8 Cross7sectional Geometry ================.. 1. Su adult Bone Growth =================... 11 Transition to Adulthood =================. 13 3. ETHNOGRAPHY OF SEA/GENDER SPECIFIC ACTIVITY ===.... 18 Bone Remodeling and Su sistence in Archaeological Contexts =... 18 Ethnographic Variation in Su adult Acti1ity =========. 21 Hunting Proficiency =================== 22 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ================ 22 Materials 6indo1er C8BR226D ===============.... 26 Indian 9noll COH2D ================. 28 Pic5wic5 Basin CLu2E, LuE9, Lu61, Lu67, Ct.8, and Ct27D... 3. Mississippian CTuE.., Ct.8, Lu2E, LuE9, Lu72, and Lu92D... 32 Methods Age and Sex Determination ============= 32 Osteometric Measurements ============= 3E Determining Asymmetry ============== 36 Cross7sectional Geometry =============.. 37 Principle Components Analysis ===========. 39 Discriminant Analysis ==============.... 2. Nutritional Differences ==============... 2. E. RESULTS ========================... 21 Hypothesis 1 H 6ithin Adult Populations 6indo1er ==================== 21 Indian 9noll ==================... EE Pic5wic5 Basin =================.. 68 Mississippian ==================. 78 i1 Hypothesis 2 H Among Adult Populations Among the Archaic Populations =========== 88 Correlations with Age ============ 88 6indo1er 1s. Pic5wic5 Basin ========= 91 6indo1er 1s. Indian 9noll ========== 92 Pic5wic5 Basin 1s. Indian 9noll =======... 1.. Summary of Archaic Differences =======.. 1.3 Archaic 1s. Mississippian 6indo1er 1s. Mississippian =========.. 1.6 Pic5wic5 Basin 1s. Mississippian =======. 1.8 Indian 9noll 1s. Mississippian ========. 111 Summary of Archaic 1s. Mississippian ===== 113 Hypothesis 3 H Su adult Populations Asymmetry within Each Population 6indo1er ================... 119 Indian 9noll ===============... 121 Pic5wic5 Basin ==============... 123 Mississippian ===============. 12E Asymmetry among the Archaic Su adults 6indo1er 1s. Pic5wic5 Basin ========= 128 6indo1er 1s. Indian 9noll ========== 129 Pic5wic5 Basin 1s. Indian 9noll ======== 13. Growth in the Archaic ===========... 13. Summary of Archaic Differences =======.. 131 Archaic 1s. Mississippian 6indo1er 1s. Mound1ille ==========.. 132 Pic5wic5 Basin 1s. Mound1ille ========. 13E Indian 9noll 1s. Mound1ille =========. 13E Archaic 1s. Mound1ille ===========. 136 Predicting Su adult Sex ============== 139 6indo1er ================.. 139 Indian 9noll ================ 12. Pic5wic5 Basin =============== 121 Mound1ille ================. 123 Summary =================. 122 6. DISCUSSION =======================. 12E 6ithin each Population =================.. 12E Differences in Shape of the Humerus ============. 1E2 Among the Populations ================..=. 1E6 Sexing Su adults with Asymmetry ============= 162 7. CONCLUSION ======================.. 168 1 APPENDICES Appendix I 7 Descriptions of Osteometric Measurements ==== 171 Appendix II 7 Su adult Mean IDA Value Ta les ======.. 172 REFERENCES =======================. 172 Biographical S5etch =====================.. 181 1i LIST OF TABLES Ta le 2.1 S5eletal Sample Population Summary ==========.. 2E Ta le 2.2 Metric Measurements and A re1iations =========. 36 Ta le 2.3 Cross7sectional Measurements and A re1iations ====== 39 Ta le E.1 6indo1er Osteometric Results H Cla1icle ========= 2E Ta le E.2 6indo1er Osteometric Results H Humerus ========.. 2E Ta le E.3 6indo1er Osteometric Results H Ulna ==========. 26 Ta le E.2 6indo1er Osteometric Results H Radius =========. 27 Ta le E.E 6indo1er Osteometric Results H Metacarpals =======. 27 Ta le E.6 6indo1er Geometric Results ============== 28 Ta le E.7 Principle Components Analysis for 6indo1er Adults =..== E3 Ta le E.8 Indian 9noll Osteometric Results H Cla1icle ======== E9 Ta le E.9 Indian 9noll Osteometric Results H Humerus======== E9 Ta le E.1. Indian 9noll Osteometric Results H Ulna ========= 6. Ta le E.11 Indian 9noll Osteometric Results H Radius ========. 6. Ta le E.12 Indian 9noll Osteometric Results H Metacarpals =====... 61 Ta le E.13 Indian 9noll Geometric Results ============.. 62 Ta le E.12 Principle Components Analysis for Indian 9noll Adults .=== 66 Ta le E.1E Pic5wic5 Basin Osteometric Results H Cla1icle ======.. 73 Ta le E.16 Pic5wic5 Basin Osteometric Results H Humerus======. 73 Ta le E.17 Pic5wic5 Basin Osteometric Results H Ulna ======== 72 Ta le E.18 Pic5wic5 Basin Osteometric Results H Radius ======= 72 Ta le E.19 Pic5wic5 Basin Osteometric Results H Metacarpals ..====.. 7E Ta le E.2. Principle Components Analysis for Pic5wic5 Basin Adults == 76 Ta le E.21 Mississippian Osteometric Results H Cla1icle =======. 82 Ta le E.22 Mississippian Osteometric Results H Humerus======= 82 Ta le E.23 Mississippian Osteometric Results H Ulna ========.. 83 Ta le E.22 Mississippian Osteometric Results H Radius ======== 83 1ii Ta le E.2E Mississippian Osteometric Results H Metacarpals=.===== 82 Ta le E.26 Principle Components Analysis for Mississippian Adults ===. 8E Ta le E.27 Summary of significant differences in Osteometrics etween each Population 117 Ta le E.28 Principle Components Analysis for 6indo1er su adults =.===. 12. Ta le E.29 Principle Components Analysis for Indian 9noll su adults ===. 122 Ta le E.3. Principle Components Analysis for Pic5wic5 Basin su adults ==. 122 Ta le E.31 Principle Components Analysis for Mound1ille Su adults ===.. 126 Ta le E.32 Summary of Significant Differences in Osteometrics etween each sample 138 Ta le 6.1 Archaic Male Discriminant Analysis ===========.= 1E9 Ta le 6.2 Archaic Female Discriminant Analysis ========.===. 16. Ta le 6.3 Archaic Su adult Discriminant Analysis =========== 16. Ta le 6.2 Total Male Sample Discriminant Analysis ==========.. 162 Ta le 6.E Total Female Sample Discriminant Analysis ========...= 163 Ta le 6.6 Total Su adult Sample Discriminant Analysis ========= 162 Ta le 6.7 Su adult Discriminant Analysis Results 7 Group Identification ==... 166 1iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Site Locations =================== 2E Figure 2.2 6indo1er Site Map ================= 27 Figure 2.3 6indo1er Sample Demographics ===========.. 28 Figure 2.2 Indian 9noll Site Map ================ 29 Figure 2.E Indian 9noll Sample Demographics ==========. 3. Figure 2.6 Pic5wic5 Basin Site Locations ============.. 31 Figure 2.7 Pic5wic5 Basin Sample Demographics =========. 32 Figure 2.8 Mound1ille Site Map ================. 33 Figure 2.9 Mississippian Sample Demographics ========== 32 Figure 2.1. Components of Bone Cross7section and Ellipse Model Method 39 Figure E.1 The degree of sexual dimorphism found in the cortical thic5ness of the right and left humerus among 6indo1er males and females. ==. 22 Figure E.2 Significant differences in IDA among 6indo1er males and females 22 Figure E.3 Significant differences in IAA among 6indo1er males and females