Sattar, Zeibeda (2012) The Mobilities of First Generation Pakistani Migrants in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Doctoral thesis, University of Sunderland. Downloaded from: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/id/eprint/3529/ Usage guidelines Please refer to the usage guidelines at http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected]. The Mobilities of First Generation Pakistani Migrants in Newcastle-upon-Tyne Thesis submitted by Zeibeda Sattar University of Sunderland Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2012 1 This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my father Mr Said Mohammed (1935-1990) who was a first generation Pakistani migrant arriving in Newcastle upon Tyne in the early 1960’s 2 Acknowledgements In the name of Allah, The Compassionate, The Merciful "Glory to Thee, of knowledge We have none, save what Thou have taught us: In truth it is You Who is perfect in knowledge and wisdom." (Al-Quran Ch2: v32) Any knowledge obtained through this study has only been revealed by the Will of Allah, the originator of creation and giver of knowledge. Therefore, I feel that all praise and thanks for the completion of this thesis are primarily due to Him. Firstly, I would like acknowledge late Professor Tony Hepburn, my initial supervisor for showing immense enthusiasm and interest for the study. I would like to thank Professor Kevin Hannam who kindly took over the supervisory role and provided me with a structured programme of work and persevered with support and understanding throughout my journey. Kevin’s commitment and ‘open door policy’ enabled and motivated me to progress under some difficult periods of my life. I would like to thank all the interviewees who took part in this research for their time and co- operation. This study would not exist without their help. My mother has been an inspiration to me throughout my life and has once again provided invaluable support to me on this independent and self - disciplined task. I would like to thank my younger brothers and sisters who have all played a significant role in shaping and supporting each other after losing our father and aiding me in fulfilling my aspirations. My nephews and nieces have also played a role in many ways, either, by typing words, playing the Dictaphone as I transcribed and by just being there to listen. I want to acknowledge the help and support provided by my husband and five children Hassan (20), Hajjra (13) Zaira (12), Humera (9) and Eishal (6) who have all maturely accepted the idea of rota’s and household chores. Lastly, I would like to thank the many individuals on this journey for the encouragement, advice and support in the input of this Phd, in particular, Paul Tiplady. 3 Abstract Modern life is constantly being affected by increasing forms of mobility. These mobilities allow for people to carry out activities that form and maintain relationships and networks on a social and obligatory basis. Complex mobility systems have enabled greater movement for many at local, national and international levels. Migration theories have been influenced by the mobilities paradigm and have led to the creation of new terminology such as ‘transnational migrants’. Both the needs of post-Second World War labour shortages and the political and economic climate of Pakistan (after partition in 1947) led to significant post- colonial Pakistani migration. This directed attention to life in the UK and resulted in and created new mobility dynamics. In terms of the research on which this thesis is based, face to face interviews took place, with a total of twenty eight interviewees that were carried out in two parts with the Pakistani diaspora living in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne who migrated up until the 1970’s. Evidence from the interviews supports the notion of the Pakistani diaspora holding on to its values and solidarity. Nevertheless a fluidity of identities has become the norm for this diasporic group and the concept of transnational citizenship has become a reality. Examples of social integration and identity formation are documented as are the political and health issues of main concern. Finally, the leisure and tourism activities have been analysed. A theme that is central to the group was health and as the natural ageing process sets in there are motility issues that affect their lifestyle significantly and health care needs. Network capital, mainly the telephone has therefore become more prominent in interviewees lives whereas social capital has reduced as a result of immobility. It is concluded that diverse mobilities have enabled the Pakistani diaspora links to be maintained locally, nationally and internationally as well as the religious requirements to be met. 4 Table of Contents Page No. Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Contents Page 5 Statement of Originality 10 List of Figures 11 Appendix List 12 Chapter 1: Introduction 13 1.1 Focus of Research Study 13 1.2 The Research Study 17 1.2.1 Aims 17 1.2.2 Objectives 17 1.3 Thesis Outline 18 Chapter 2: Mobilities Theory 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Mobilities Paradigm 22 2.3 Human Mobilities 30 5 2.4 The Concept of Diaspora 35 2.5 Transnationalism, Mobility and Belonging 39 2.6 Mobility Systems 44 2.7 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 52 Chapter 3: Pakistani Migration to the UK 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Policy Implications of Migration to the UK 59 3.3 South Asian Migration to the UK 64 3.4 Gender and South Asian Studies 73 3.5 Pakistani Community to Newcastle upon Tyne 76 3.6 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 78 Chapter 4: Methodology 80 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 Qualitative Research Philosophies 81 4.3 Qualitative Research Methods 83 4.4 Qualitative Data Analysis 88 4.5 Mobile Research Methods 91 6 4.6 Research Design 92 4.7 Conducted Fieldwork Experiences 93 4.8 Researcher Reflexivity 97 4.9 Limitations of Research Methods and the Role of the Researcher 98 4.10 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 100 Chapter 5: Pakistani Migrant Settlement in Newcastle upon Tyne 102 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Experiences of Arrival 105 5.2.1 Male Interview Narratives 106 5.2.2 Female Interview Narratives 120 5.3 Experiences of Work 134 5.3.1 Male Interview Narratives 134 5.3.2 Female Interview Narratives 141 5.4 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 149 Chapter 6: Pakistani Migrant’s Experiences of Public Services in Newcastle153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Experience of Social Services 156 7 6.2.1 Male Interview Narratives 156 6.2.2 Female Interview Narratives 161 6.3 Experiences of Access to Health Care 170 6.3.1 Male Interview Narratives 170 6.3.2 Female Interview Narratives 172 6.4 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 175 Chapter 7: Pakistani Migrant’s Experiences of Leisure and Tourism 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 Travelling Experiences in the UK 179 7.2.1 Male Interview Narratives 179 7.2.2 Female Interview Narratives 186 7.3 Returning to Pakistan 189 7.3.1 Male Interview Narratives 189 7.3.2 Female Interview Narratives 194 7.4 Visiting Places Outside of UK (other than Pakistan) 197 7.4.1 Male Interview Narratives 197 7.4.2 Female Interview Narratives 199 7.5 Religion and Visiting Saudi Arabia. 204 8 7.5.1 Male Interview Narratives 204 7.5.2 Female Interview Narratives 206 7.6 Hajj 207 7.6.1 Male Interview Narratives 209 7.6.2 Female Interview Narratives 210 7.7 Chapter Conclusions and Summary 214 Chapter 8: Conclusions 217 8.1 Summary of Research Findings 217 8.1.1 Settlement and Mobilities 217 8.1.2 Public Services and Mobilities 219 8.1.3 Leisure and Tourism Mobilities 220 8.2 Research Aims Revisited 222 8.3 Contribution to Knowledge 225 8.4 Limitations 226 8.5 Recommendations for Further Work 227 References 228 Appendix 240 9 Statement of Originality I, Zeibeda Sattar, declare that this work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. ………………………………….. Zeibeda Sattar 10 List of Figures Page Number 1.1 Abstracted Mobility 20 1.2 Mobility in Context 21 2.1 A Schematic of Tuan’s Theory of Plane 30 3.1 Type of Policy Responses 62 11 Appendix List Page No. Ward Map of Newcastle upon Tyne 240 Map of West End of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1960s/1970s 241 Demographic Profile of Female Interviewees 242 Demographic Profile of Male Interviewees 243 Transcription of Interview Sample 1 244 Transcription of Interview Sample 2 251 Transcription of Interview Sample 3 256 Copy of Consent Form 261 12 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Focus of the Research Study This research critically analyses post-migration mobilities of the Pakistani diaspora living in Newcastle upon Tyne. There are three conceptual lenses that are incorporated into the analysis from an explanatory standpoint. These are the mobilities paradigm, the transnational approach and diaspora studies. The first two chapters describe the background to these theories and the fluid aspects of identity conceptualising migration as a continuing dynamic between the homeland and the host country (UK) thus affecting how we think about migration. ‘Without mobility we could not live. Without mobility we could not get to work or the nearest food source, neither could we stay healthy and fit. We could not make and sustain social relationships and we could not travel so far off or nearby destinations’ (Adey, 2010, p.1).