Table 1.1 List of genera of freshwater crustacea collected during the course of this study. Syncarida: Anaspides, Paranaspides, Allanaspides, Micraspides, Koonunga. Amphipoda: Austrochiltonia, Paracalliope, 'Gammarus', Hurleya, 'Niphargus', Neoniphargus, Paraleptamphopus, Perthia, Uroctena, ? fontana. Isopoda: Heterias. Amphisopus, Paramphisopus, Crenoicus, Synamphisopus, Phreatoicopsis, Uramphisopus, Mesacanthotelson, Onchotelson, Onchotelson, Phreatoicoides ? Hypsimetopus. Decapoda: Engeus, Geocharax, Gramastacus, Cherax, Astacopsis, Parastacoides. Maps 1.1 to 1.6: Phanerozoic maps, southern hemisphere. After Smith et al (1973). 1.1: Carboniferous. Hs. indicates the area where the phreatoicid fossil Heslerella shermani was found. 1.2: Permian (including the northern hemisphere), also indicating where the fossil phreatoicids Palaeocrangon problematicus (Pp) and Protamphisopus reichelti have been found. 1 ~(J ' 1. Triassic. Pw indicates the area .where the phreatoicid fossil Protamphisopus wianaI!l$t;tensis was ·.fciuni.i'~ 1.6 Early Tertiary. 1.5 Cretaceous Table 1. 2 Listing the probable sequence and time for the separation of the relevant fragments of Gondwanaland (from McKenna, 1973). Continents seEarating Time (million ;years) West Antarctic - South Afri<;:a 75-100 " " - New Zealand f,' 80 East Antarctic - Africa 92-100 II II - Australia 43-60 II ._ " - India ,_ 100 Australia - New Zealand ) 80 TORRESIAN -- - --- -- ----' "', ' ' ' ' ' \ \ \ \ \ I I .. r .... ··:.. :, ' ,• ..·/ '-./-. ........ ' ..·/ l ')•:.!! •,!_.·· / • BASSIAN Map 1. 7: Australian - Tasmanian fauna! provinces. Table 3.1: Ma.ting Cues: Maximum no. ot pairs observed during studies on the frequency of mating in 4 light regimes (continuous dark; short photo­ period = 8 hrs illumina.tion; long photoperiod = 16 hrs illumination; continuous light) at 20°0 and 5°0. 20 temales and 20 males of Uran!J?bisgpus relictus relictus were used in each treatment. Temperature lfaximum 00 No. Pairs 5 0 Continuous light 20 0 5 4 Long photoperiod I 20 I 11 5 1 Short photoperiod 20 5. 5 5 Continuous dark 20 16 Table 2.2: Nos. of embr.yos per brood pouch from six species of phreatoicids. Rallge, I Average Species i Range, !Average J No. of Collecting sites Embryo No. , No. length of length I obsetvations i female (mm) ! (Dill) i I i Protamphisopus 14 - 10.. ) 36.9 7.1 - 12.1 8.59 I 12 Pinjerra, palustris ' I W.A. i I I I .. I I 15 - 68 ! 28.4 7.0 - 11.9 I 8.28 l 14 IPerth, ' I W.A. ! ! l I I Ma.wbeyamphisopus 14 - 62 29.3 16.7 - 23.0 19.59 4 I Cape Le Grellde, le grand.us W.A. l I I l I Ura.mphiso12us 5 - 15 11.1 7.0 - 9.6 l 8. 314- 8 Mt. Barrow, australis ! Tas. l I I i ' i Uramphisopus 9 - 40 25.9 9.3 - 13.3 I 10.86 29 I St. Peter's Pass, relictus relictus I Tas. I I ! Onchotelson 39 I 33.0 10.4 - 11.6 10.90 I 3 Great Lake, 29 - l I brevicaudatus I I Tas. I I I i ! Phreatoicoides 3 - 25 13.6 7.0 - 12.4 9.73 8 Crotty, spp. I I Ta.a. Plate 3.1 (,,, ~: Smears of faeces f'rom phreatoicids 'fed' on A. euoalypt leaves, B. dolerite rocks. (Photograph per courtesy Dr. P. S. Lake.) Plate J.2 (opp.): Smears of faeces from phreatoicid.s fed on A. moss, B. mud; c. another phreatoicid - or its cast-off exuvium. (Photograph per courtesy Dr, P. S. Lake.) I Table 3.3: Trout predation on phreatoioids. A sum:nary of the data in Xmtt, 1973. No. of guts j Total No. of I No. of No. of guts Area I with 1 guts with I locaJ.ities examined I phreatoicids phreatoicids 'I I as mrin food Central 6 96 18 I Plateau I 37 : I! I ! ! North West j I 8 I 0 1 Coast i 92 ' ' I I ' North-South ' 8 l 132 I 0 1 Eslc System I I ! ' 'j i Others I 9 151 I 0 0 I ' I i Total I I 31 471 18 I 39 ' l I I l The data in the table include results from the additional analyses of: (1) 10 guts of fish from Little Pine Lake (Central Plateau), caught 1971/72. (2) 14 " n n n Roger River (North West Coast), caught 1974. (3) 11 " " " " dams at Beaconsfield (Esk River System), caught 1971/72. (4) 8 " " n • Ri.ngarooma River (Others), caught 1971. I I Table J.4,: Frequepey of dietary items in gizzards of.' two apeeies ot duck. Anas oe.stanea An.as su;eerciliosa (Black Duck) (Chestmit Teal) lagoon of Lake Lake le.ke Cambridge I Lake Sorell Tiberias Crescent Crescent -:::--~d Islands Plant stems 1 2 l 4 2 14 2 ! Plant seeds 1 4 3 15 6 1&Jllusoa 1 1 1 ' Insects. I 3 1 1 I 10 3 Amphipoda I 1 I Isopoda 1 I (Phreatoioidae) I I Ostracoda I l 1 I Total No. of 1 Gizzards 3 4 4 15 7 Table 3.5: _lm'ertebrates associated with phreatoioids. Lists of forms from; separate habitats. A. Small rainforest rum.el, possibly in headwaters at the Roger River, north-west Taaman:ia. iltitude 200m. Sample of 26/1/1974. Phreatoioids inhabiting the creek Phreatoiooides sp. Crustacea Amphipoda Gamna.rida.e ( G. aus tralis) Eusiridae (f. larai) Insecta: adults Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Ourculionida.e Insecta: inmature stages Ephemeroptera Leptophlebildae Siphlonuridae Plecoptera Eustheniidae Austroperlidae Capniidae Odonata Aeschnidae Gomphidae Diptera Athericidae Chironomidae Tipulidae Coleoptera Helodidae Hel.minthid.ae Mecoptera Nannochoristid.ae Trichoptera Helioopsychida.e Leptoceridae Sericostornatidae In addition, molluscs (classes Gastropoda and Bivalvia) and platyhelminthes (order Trioladida) were recorded. I Table 3. 5 (Contimed) B. Lake Hartz, a glacially formed lake, altitude southern Tasmania. Sample of 31/a/1974. Phreatoioids inhabiting the lake !• australis. Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae (Neoniphargus sp.) Syncarida .Anaspididae (Anaspides tasmaniae) ~<?.!:!.: imnature stages Pleeoptera Gripopterygidae Eustheniidae Capniidae Triohoptera Philorheithridae Diptera. Chironom.idae .Annelida Oligoohaeta. Probably of the family Phreodrilidae Nematomorpha ? Gordioidea C. Invertebrates inhabiting occupied Parastacoides tasmanious burrows, western Tasmania ( quoted in Lake & Newcombe, 1975). All of the associated forms belong to the class Crustacea. The phreatoicids are either Phreatoicoides spp. , Unul!Phisopus austral is or Uramphiso;eus binksi. Order Copepoda Sub-order Cyolopoida Order Syncarida Jlicraspides calmani Allanaspides helonomus Alla.naspides hiclo:na.ni. Table 2•5 (Continued) C. (Continued) Order Isopoda Asellota Family Jani.ridae - 2 forms Neoniphargus - 4 forms "Niphar@" sp. Gamnarus australis Eusiridae Paracalliope tluviatilis Q.raph 2J.: Acanthocepha.lan infection ra. tes. The proportion of a series of monthly samples of phreatoicid.s from Lambert Park, 0.8 southern Tasmania, infected by a.canthocephalans. The period of study is indicated, as is the size of each monthly sample. 0.6 0 ...UJ V UJ u..z 0.4 z 0 .... "'0 "- g "- 0,2 o.o 1971 1972 1973 MONTH M J s M J M M s N J M SAMPLE 43 28 40 53 43 37 22 38 39 51 56 78 56 48 55 64 102 70 83 77 76 52 • Table J.6: Infection of U. australia by an unidentified acanth.ooephalan, Lambert Park Creek, Hobart. The table shows the infection data, DOs. or hosts inf'ected, segregated according to the sex or the intermediate host. To determine the 'r' values, it was assumed that th.ere is an equiproba.ble chance ot inf'ection for individuals belonging to each of the 4 host classes. Data from the 1970 study period have previously been presented by Knott ( 1971). , I I 2 Female: I Study' Male ' Female: j Juvenile i d.t. x value & Period t Gravid Non-gravid , I p.robabili ty i I I I April 1970 : No. infected 91 67 I 25 i 11 to l Total No. 439 15; 155 120 November [ Expected No. I ! I 98.2; 34.24 34.68 26.85 I 3 I 43.93°• 1970 . inf'eoted I j I ' I I p 0.001 ' I I I ! I i Ma.y 1971 , No . inf'ected 107 16 45 20 to ] Total No. 558 92 467 102 l March 197; i Expected No. 86.06 14.19 72.02 I 15.7; I 3 16.62••• j infected I p 0.001 I I i I I ! l No. infected i 198 a; 70 ;1 I I I I I ! I ! Total I Total No. 997 I 245 622 222 I r I ( ! Expected No. 182.58 i I 44.87 11;.90 40.65 ! 3 I 52.91°• I infected ! Ii ! I ' l l) 0.001 • 100 80 • Experimen ta1 treatment 60 • • 0 • <( w 0 • ... 40 z w v C<: • w Cl. 20 Control treatment 8 120 160 200 240 TIME hours Craph 3,2: Respon~e of.!!.• australis to D.D.T. The death rate of phreatoicids in water containing 0.1 ppm D.D.T. The LD:;o., = 52 hours. The control treatment lacked D.D.T. • 30 .. ! 0 t E ..."' C -0 z0 -0 ' .. E Q 20 -C •u C 0 u I 0 E. 0 .IC D. E ,. 10 0 E Cl• :c 10 20 30 Ambient Osmo - concent rot ion ( gm No/ kgm WOIIIH) Graph 3.3: Osmoregulation in the phreatoicid -U. -·----austral.is. The response of the internal haemolymph to varying ambient osmo-concentrations. Osmo-concentration was measured in units equivalent to gm Na/kgm H 2o. [ 1 ,oM Table 3.7: Survival of U. australis at 10)6, 3qg and 50';& seawater dilutions, ({10"'1 knotr, 1ci1J Survival Temp. I TiJDe o 1 1~ seawater 30% seawater 5qg seawater ( c) , (Days) i----~----.--, No. % lj No. td I No. at. l Surviving r Surviving /0 r Surviving /0 1 20 100 20 100 20 100 5 20 100 20 100 17 85 10 18 90 20 100 14- 70 20 18 90 20 100 6 30 30 18 90 19 95 4- 20 4-0 18 90 18 90 , 15 50 18 90 17 85 0 0 1 20 100 19 95 19 95 5 20 100 18 90 10 50 10 20 100 17 85 7 35 20 20 100 17 85 4- 20 30 20 100 17 85 3 15 4-0 20 100 17 85 2 10 50 20 100 17 85 0 0 1 I 20 100 8 4-0 0 0 5 I 15 75 5 25 10 I l 13 65 15 20 I, 13 65 '0 0 50 l 11 55 I ., A '7% relative humid it I' 0 76 7.