Advances in Fish Diseases and Disorders Diagnosis and Treatment Steve C Singer Editor ANMOL PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD. NEW DELHI-110 002 (INDIA) ANMOL PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD. Regd. Office: 4360/4, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Tel.: 23278000, 23261597, 23286875, 23255577 Fax: 91-11-23280289 Email: [email protected] Visit us at: www.anmolpublications.com Branch Office: No. 1015, Ist Main Road, BSK IIIrd Stage IIIrd Phase, IIIrd Block, Bengaluru-560 085 (India) Tel.: 080-41723429 • Fax: 080-26723604 Email: [email protected] Advances in Fish Diseases and Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment © 2013 ISBN: 978-81-261-5160-8 Editor: Steve C Singer No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the legality of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all materials in this publication and express regret to copyright holders if permission to publish has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. PRINTED IN INDIA Printed at Avantika Printers Private Limited, New Delhi Contents Preface vii 1. Fish Diseases and Parasites 1 Disease • Parasites • Mass Die Offs • Cleaner Fish • Wild Salmon • Farmed Salmon • Aquarium Fish • Spreading Disease and Parasites • Eating Raw Fish • Aeromonas Salmonicida • Columnaris • Enteric Redmouth Disease • Fin Rot 2. Fish Dropsy 15 Symptoms • Flavobacterium • Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus • Heterosigma Akashiwo • Head and Lateral Line Erosion • Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis • Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis • Koi Herpes Virus • Novirhabdovirus • Pfiesteria Piscicida • Photobacterium Damselae Subsp. Piscicida 3. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus 30 Pathology • Epidemiology • Streptococcus Iniae • Taura Syndrome • Ulcerative Dermal Necrosis • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia • White Spot Syndrome • Yellowhead Disease • Amoebic Gill Disease • Argulidae • Ceratomyxa Shasta • Dactylogyrus Vastator • Diphyllobothrium • Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome • Trematoda • Glugea • Gyrodactylus Salaries • Henneguya Zschokkei 4. Common Disorders 76 Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis • Description • Predisposing Factors • Cryptocaryon • Kudoa Thyrsites • Lernaeocera Branchialis • Myxobolus Cerebralis • Nanophyetus Salmincola • Salmon Louse • Saprolegnia • Schistocephalus Solidus • Sea Louse • Sphaerothecum Destruens • Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae • Swim Bladder Disease • Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae • Velvet (fish disease) • Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning • Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning • Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning • Fish Kill • Ciguatera 5. Disease in Ornamental Fish 135 Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment • Aeromonas Hydrophila • Ammonia Poisoning • Bacterial Cold Water Disease • Flavobacteria • Flavobacteriaceae • Salmonidae • Bath treatment (fishkeeping) • Aquarium Diseases • Brooklynella Hostilis • Carnivorous Protest • Cryptobia • Edwardsiella Ictaluri • Edwardsiella Tarda • External Bacterial Infection (fish) • Lymphocystis 6. Lymphocystis Disease of Fishes 153 Description • European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases • Lymphocystivirus • M74 Syndrome • Megalocytivirus • Mesnilium • Monogenea • Mononegavirales • Ranavirus • Renibacterium Salmoninarum • Snakehead Rhabdovirus • Spironucleus Salmonicida vi Contents • Spring Viraemia of Carp • Trypanosoma • Vibrio Anguillarum • Aeromonas (Hole in the Side Disease) • Using Antibiotics • National Fish Pharmaceuticals Tips and Prevention 7. Aquarium Fish Diseases and Treatments 178 Bacterial Diseases • Protozoan Diseases • Marine Velvet (Amyloodinium ocellatum) • Parasitic Diseases • Fungal Diseases • Viral Diseases • Koi, Pond Fish Disease • Treatment • National Fish Pharmaceuticals Tips and Prevention • Koi Pond Medicating Techniques • Toxoplasmosis and Associated Diseases and Disorders • How to Treat Ich Diseased Fish with Formalin • Diagnosing Parasites on Marine Fish 8. Fish Diseases and Health Issues 234 Five Reasons that Marine Fish Die in Aquariums • Coral Diseases and Health Issues • Coral Diseases and Health Issues • Bacterial, Fungal, Viral & Other Fish Diseases • Marine Ich Diseases and Other Fish Parasites • Black Spot or Tang Disease • Clownfish Disease • Saltwater Aquarium Fish Disease Trouble Shooter • Fish and Coral Diseases • Neon Tetra Disease (Pleistophora hyphessobryconis) • Fish Diseases 9. Fish Disease Treatments 253 Treatments • Medicated/antibiotic Treated Food to Treat Bacterial Disease • Ammonia Poisoning • The Nitrogen Cycle • Managing the Nitrogen Cycle • Columnaris - Flexibacter Columnaris • Velvet - Oodinium Pilularis • Top Ich and Other External Fish Parasite Treatments • Most Common Mistakes Made by Saltwater Aquarium Keepers • Ichthyophthirius Multifilis – Ich 10. Saltwater Ich/White Spot Disease 274 Diagnose and Treat Cryptocaryon • Black Spot or Tang Disease • Saltwater Aquarium Emergency First Aid Kit • Saltwater Aquarium Antibiotic Products • Ammonia Poisoning • Powder Blue Tang Profile • Nitrite Poisoning • How to Dispose of Deceased Fish • Why Did My Fish Die? • All About Copper • Water Parameters • Koi in the Watergarden 11. Fish Diseases: Diagnosis and Possible Cures 300 White Spot (Ichthyophthirius) • Velvet (Oodinium) • Fungus (Saprolegnia or Achyla) • Mouth Fungus (Columnaris) • Neon Disease (Plistophora) • Digenetic Flukes (Metacercaria) • Tapeworm Larvae (Cestoda) • Red Pest (Bacterial) • Fin Rot (Bacterial) • Pop-Eye (Exophthalmia) • Gyrodactylus Monogenetic Flukes • Dropsy (Aeromonas) • Most Common Fish Diseases • Using Heat to Treat Ich in Freshwater Tropical Fish Bibliography 313 Index 317 Preface Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens. Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish’s body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for furunculosis in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi. All fish carry pathogens and parasites. Usually this is at some cost to the fish. If the cost is sufficiently high, then the impacts can be characterised as a disease. However disease in fish is not understood well. What is known about fish disease often relates to aquaria fish, and more recently, to farmed fish. Disease is a prime agent affecting fish mortality, especially when fish are young. Fish can limit the impacts of pathogens and parasites with behavioural or biochemical means, and such fish have reproductive advantages. Interacting factors result in low grade infection becoming fatal diseases. In particular, things that causes stress, such as natural droughts or pollution or predators, can precipitate outbreak of disease. Disease can also be particularly problematic when pathogens and parasites carried by introduced species affect native species. An introduced species may find invading easier if potential predators and competitors have been decimated by disease. Parasites in fish are a natural occurrence and common. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In fisheries biology, for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts. viii Preface Usually parasites (and pathogens) need to avoid killing their hosts, since extinct hosts can mean extinct parasites. Evolutionary constraints may operate so parasites avoid killing their hosts, or the natural variability in host defensive strategies may suffice to keep host populations viable. Parasite infections can impair the courtship dance of male three spine sticklebacks. When that happens, the females reject them, suggesting a strong mechanism for the selection of parasite resistance.” However not all parasites want to keep their hosts alive, and there are parasites with multistage life cycles who go to some trouble to kill their host. For example, some tapeworms make some fish behave in such a way that a predatory bird can catch it. The predatory bird is the next host for the parasite in the next stage of its life cycle. Specifically, the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus turns infected three spine stickleback white, and then makes them more buoyant so that they splash along at the surface of the water, becoming easy to see and easy to catch for a passing bird. Some diseases result in mass die offs. One of the more bizarre and