Emerald Open Research Emerald Open Research 2020, 2:22 Last updated: 26 MAY 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE Citizen participation in food systems policy making: A case study of a citizens’ assembly [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Bob Doherty 1, Yaadwinder Sidhu2, Tony Heron3, Chris West4, Alice Seaton5, Jane Gulec5, Patricia Prado1, Paulina Flores Martinez2 1The York Management School, University of York, UK, York, Yorkshire, YO105GD, United Kingdom 2Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, UK Government, London, SW1P 4DF, United Kingdom 3Department of Politics, University of York, UK, York, Select One, YO105GD, United Kingdom 4Stockholm Environmental Institute, University of York, UK, York, Select One, YO105GD, United Kingdom 5York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, UK, York, Select One, YO105GD, United Kingdom v1 First published: 07 May 2020, 2:22 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13609.1 Latest published: 07 May 2020, 2:22 https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13609.1 Reviewer Status Invited Reviewers Abstract In this article, we offer a contribution to the emerging debate on the 1 2 role of citizen participation in food system policy making. A key driver is a recognition that solutions to complex challenges in the food version 1 system need the active participation of citizens to drive positive 07 May 2020 report report change. To achieve this, it is crucial to give citizens the agency in processes of designing policy interventions. This requires authentic 1. Christian J. Reynolds , City, University of and reflective engagement with citizens who are affected by collective decisions. One such participatory approach is citizen assemblies, London, London, United Kingdom which have been used to deliberate a number of key issues, including climate change by the UK Parliament’s House of Commons (House of 2. Bethan Mead , University of Liverpool, Commons., 2019). Here, we have undertaken analysis of a citizen food Liverpool, United Kingdom assembly organized in the City of York (United Kingdom). This Charlotte A. Hardman , University of assembly was a way of hearing about a range of local food initiatives in Yorkshire, whose aim is to both relocalise food supply and Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom production, and tackle food waste. These innovative community- based business models, known as ‘food hubs’, are increasing the Any reports and responses or comments on the diversity of food supply, particularly in disadvantaged communities. article can be found at the end of the article. Among other things, the assembly found that the process of design and sortation of the assembly is aided by the involvement of local stakeholders in the planning of the assembly. It also identified the potential for public procurement at the city level, to drive a more sustainable sourcing of food provision in the region. Furthermore, this citizen assembly has resulted in a galvanizing of individual agency with participants proactively seeking opportunities to create prosocial and environmental change in the food system. Page 1 of 12 Emerald Open Research Emerald Open Research 2020, 2:22 Last updated: 26 MAY 2021 Keywords citizen assembly, food system, food policy This article is included in the Sustainable Food Systems gateway. This article is included in the N8 AgriFood collection. Corresponding author: Bob Doherty ([email protected]) Author roles: Doherty B: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology; Sidhu Y: Conceptualization, Investigation; Heron T: Conceptualization, Investigation; West C: Investigation; Seaton A: Investigation, Project Administration; Gulec J: Project Administration; Prado P: Investigation, Methodology; Flores Martinez P: Investigation Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This article is funded by the N8 AgriFood programme and is part of their collection. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2020 Doherty B et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite this article: Doherty B, Sidhu Y, Heron T et al. Citizen participation in food systems policy making: A case study of a citizens’ assembly [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Emerald Open Research 2020, 2:22 https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13609.1 First published: 07 May 2020, 2:22 https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13609.1 Page 2 of 12 Emerald Open Research 2020, 2:22 Last updated: 26 MAY 2021 Introduction assemblies are often referred to as a democratic innovation in In recent decades there has been an increased emphasis on the literature. The twin concepts of representativeness and citizen engagement in co-designing policy. There is a grow- deliberation in decision making are, however, as old as democ- ing recognition that solutions to complex challenges need the racy itself. To support this, Chwalisz (2019) notes that in active participation of citizens (Chwalisz, 2019). To achieve this, 431 BCE, the Greek statesman Pericles is recorded as saying it is crucial to give citizens the agency in the processes under- that “ordinary citizens, though occupied with the pursuits of pinning design and implementation of solutions and related industry, are still fair judges of public matters”. And he stated policies. This requires authentic and reflective engage- that instead of being a “stumbling block in the way of action . ment with citizens who are affected by policy decisions. The [discussion] is an indispensable preliminary to any wise action structures which facilitate such deliberative engagement are at all”. collectively known as deliberative mini-publics or citizens’ councils, assemblies and juries (Ercan et al., 2019) (henceforth Due to their resurgence, national and international institutions referred to as citizens’ assemblies). are increasingly recognising citizens’ assemblies as an effec- tive mode of citizen engagement (Farrell et al., 2019). In 2017, A citizens’ assembly consists of a randomly selected and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop- representative group of citizens, tasked to deliberate and ment’s (OECD) Council on Open Government recommended make decisions on specific topics or questions Ercan( et al., that its members should provide citizens and other stakeholders 2019). These balanced and representative groups comprise equal and fair opportunities to be informed and consulted, and of citizens from all walks of life and with diverse charac- actively engage them in all phases of the policy-cycle” and teristics (e.g. gender, race, age; and religion and belief). “promote innovative ways to effectively engage with stake- While, in some cases, established democratic institutions holders to source ideas and co-create solutions (Chwalisz, mandate citizens’ assemblies, in other cases these are brought 2019; OECD, 2017). To support the Council recommendation, together by NGOs or civil society groups (Table 1). the Innovative Citizen Participation programme is being led by the OECD’s Open Government Unit, where they have com- Recent interest in the idea of citizens assemblies can be attrib- missioned a review of around 700 such deliberative processes uted to modern applications of deliberation and sortation (OECD, 2019). Its forthcoming report, entitled ‘Catching (Chwalisz, 2019). Information available to citizens through the Deliberative Wave: Innovative Citizen Participation & New communication technologies, combined with the increasing Democratic Institutions (June 2020), is expected to be the first number of stakeholder platforms created by governments, com- comprehensive body of evidence on the use and effective- munities and private organisations has facilitated this face to face ness of citizens’ assemblies and other forms of deliberation interaction with constituents (Nabatchi et al., 2013). Citizens’ processes. The report will include recommendations on best Table 1. Selected examples of citizens’ assemblies and their structures (Bellantoni & Chwalisz, n.d; Citizens’ Assemblies, 2018; Electoral Reform Society, n.d; G1000 Linked with Foundation for Future Generations, 2019; Involve, n.d; Involve, 2018; Madrid City Council Web Portal, n.d; MASS LBP (n.d.); UCL, The Constitution Unit, 2017; UK Parliament, 2019; Vorarlberg Unser Land, n.d). Country Purpose and Remit Mandate and Structure (Year) Ireland Constitutional amendment on same sex marriage Irish Parliament A constitutional convention composed of 100 (2012) participants including Independent Chair, 33 parliamentarians and 66 citizens Ireland 8th amendment of Irish constitution on abortion. Mandated by Irish parliament; 100 members of the public (2016) Spain Monitor Municipal actions and make proposals for Observatory of the City; Mandated by municipal government (2018) improvement of Madrid; composed of 49 citizens and can trigger citizen consultations on municipal matters Poland To deliberate on local matters e.g. local government’s Mandated by municipal government of Gdansk; Signatures from (2016) response to torrential rainfall and flooding 5000 citizens can trigger citizens assemblies on local matters United To deliberate on ideas and inform future national food Organised by the National Food Strategy Team (tasked by the UK Kingdom strategy government); Citizens