RURAL HOUSEHOLD DIVERSITY IN THE LELIEFONTEIN DISTRICT OF THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA by DAMARAH SALOME MODISELLE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree M lust Agrar in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria August 2001 © University of Pretoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God for making this study a success! I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the following: Prof Johan van Rooyen , my supervisor, for guidance and availability irrespective of his tight schedule. Dr Catherine Laurent for the support (guidance, time and patience) she has given me throughout the study period. Mr. Moraka Makhura for his time and guidance with analysis of data. Ms. Geritha Raphela for her inputs in statistical analysis of data. Prof Sylvain Perret for his guidance and contribution in the initial stage of the study. Mr. Ward Anseeuw and Mr. Randy Randela for their encouragement. The support of the following institutions is gratefully acknowledged: ARC- Development Impact Assessment Unit, especially Mr J. Carstens for offering me an opportunity to undertake this study. The Franco South Africa Programme for funding the study and INRA- (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) for supporting the study. Department of Agriculture- Regional office at Springbok, Northern Cape for the technical support and especially Mr. Sakkie van der Poll for his time and assistance. Communities of Leliefontein villages for the warm welcome they have given me and the cooperation they have shown during the surveys, Sister Papier in particular. Special thanks to my family, my husband Lolo and sons (Keletso, Keitumetse and Orefile) for their love, encouragement, sacrifices and whole-hearted support. Salome Modiselle RURAL HOUSEHOLD DIVERSITY IN THE LELIEFONTEIN DISTRICT OF THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA BY DAMARAH SALOME MODISELLE Degree : M Inst Agrar Department : Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Supervisor ; Professor Johan van Rooyen (UP)I Co-Supervisor 1 : Dr Catherine Laurent (INRA)2 Co-Supervisor 2 : Mr Moraka Makhura (UP)3 ABSTRACT This study is undertaken in one of the historically "coloured reserves" of the Northern Cape Province called Leliefontein. The study is a response to the request by the Department of Agriculture, Northern Cape to improve their extension service. The study shows that there is a major dilemma for planners, extension officers or any development initiator to introduce development plans to the disadvantaged farming community. The lack of knowledge and an understanding of the large diversity amongst rural farming households is a possible root cause of this dilemma. The study addressed this particular Issue. The study hypothesis is: the behaviour of the rural farming households in Leliefontein area is diverse and is reflected by the way the households view agriculture and practice the farming activities they are involved in. The overall objective of the study is to compile an understanding about the diversity in farming households. I ABSA Chair in Agribusiness Management; University of Pretoria 2 Intitut National de la Recherche Agronomique- France 3 University of Pretoria 11 obj are: to identify and explain the diversity livelihood amongst households; to develop a typology of types agriculture's functional and to recommendations for servIce type by Department ofAgriculture, Northern Province. methodology was out the of formulation, data and processing out of the of 108 households. collection was through a structured questionnaire unstructured intervIews. Typology technique, which is the that can activity of operation and was applied to study area. The were some the used to construct a for Leliefontein area: rationality, cycle household and characteristics of a household. findings of qualitative analysis were controlled confirmed by analysis logistic of households this are: Autonomous Households; Irregular Regular Earners Transfer pattern, livestock techniques and development trajectories which the types can follow an a developmental are also identified for use by extension Livestock activity study area. The of the study however among for livestock farming serve different 111 community. Livestock IS kept not for reasons religious hedonistic reasons. study concludes that it is knowledge diversity be . into and the Development should be regarded as a holistic procedure which not only the but other that facilitate such as and the human iii development factor. The recommendations focus on guidance to agricultural extension officers on how to select and analyse target types in order to design a more effective support service to rural households. IV DIVERSITEIT VAN LANDELIKE HUISHOUDINGS IN DIE LELIEFONTEIN DISTRIK V AN DIE NOORD KAAP PROVINSIE V AN SUID AFRIKA Deur DAMARAH SALOME MODISELLE Graad : M. Inst Departement : Landbou-Ekonomie, Voorligting en Landelike Ontwikkeling Studieleier : Professor Johan van Rooyen (UP)4 Mede studieleier : Dr Catherine Laurent (INRA)5 Mede studieleier : Mnr Moraka Makhura (UP)6 UITTREKSEL studie IS ondemeem in een van voorrnalige"kleurling van Noord-Kaap naamlik Die doel van studie is om te op om hulp van Landbou se vir die van die daar 'n dilemma VIr beplanners, en ontwikkelaars wat ontwikkelingsaksies ten van die benadeelde wil aan oor die is moontlik die hoofoorsaak van hipotese die studie is dus: die van die landelike boerderyhuishoudings is verskillend en word weerspieel die wyse , sowel as manier waarop hulle boerderyaktiwitcite hoof doelwit van die IS om 'n begrip van van boerderyhuishoudings die LellctofltCl omgewing te ABSA Leerstoel in Universiteit van Pretoria 5 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. France 6 Universiteit van Pretoria v bepaalde doelwitte is: en beskrywing van die tussen huishoudings; ontwikkeling van om te en van vir verbetering van landbou voorligtingsdienste aan die verskillende tipes binne die tipo\ogie. IS m volgorde van vraag en dataverwerking uit steekproef van 108 huishoudings. dataversameling lS met behulp van en operasionele IS Die volgende faktore is vir die Leliefontein area te bepaaJ: binne besluitneming, lewensiklus en besluit binne landelike huishouding. resultate van is gekontroleer en deur kwalitatieweanalasie metodes, anal en Die op sewe tipes Gereelde en die Sosiale Dienste Afhanklike die van besluitneming, tegnieke van vee en Die wat die in die toekoms kan volg, sou 'n stimulus 'n ontwikkelingsinisiatief) ook m die bevindings van die bestaan daar egter duidelike van Leliefontein, die aanhou van op verskillende in die egter redes aangehou maar en kulturelel redes. VI Dit is dat die kennis oor van landelike geYntegreer en besluitneming van die provinsiale landbouvoorligtingsdienste. moet beskou as holistiese nie net op landbouvoorligtingsdienste maar ook op ander aspekte wat sal ondersteun (bv. kreditfasiliteite en word gepoog om aan die te 'n teikengroep en word en waar aan huishoudings bepJan word. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract lJ v Table contents VIII of ofMaps Xlll CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background to study 1 1.2.1 Rural communities 3 Some of South African rural households 4 5 1.3 statement and hypothesis 6 .4 Study objectives and outline 9 CHAPTER 2: AN OVERVIEW OF HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOUR 2.1 Introduction 10 farm envIronment 10 Household theory 13 2.4 economIC to household 16 18 household 18 2.5.2 Rationality 19 .3 DecIsion in the household 19 .4 21 2.6 V III CHAPTER DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description at provincial Background at district 3.3.1 and climate 3.3.2 29 3.4 of reserve 3.5 Institutional within 31 3.6 Extension service in the study area CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS 1 analytical framework 1 analysis 4.2.1.1 steps in typology development 4.2.2 Discriminant 36 1 Discriminant 38 1 procedure Choice of Developing questionnaire Methodoiogical of the process 4.6 Conclusions 43 CHAPTER ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 5.1 Introduction 44 5.2 of activities: developing a functional matrix 45 5.3 Building a 5.4 56 ix 5.5 Discriminant analysis 5.5.1 of discriminant analysis 65 5.6 Logistic and interpretation 66 5.7 Conclusions CHAPTER SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Overview 6.2 1 diversity 74 ofdiversity 75 6.2.3 Development trajectories 76 6.2.6 Particular considerations for officers Conclusions 77 Recommendations 78 Selection of target arA11 .... " 79 6.4.2 development 1 ( i) Agricultural extension 1 resource devel.opment 80 support 81 1 (iv) development pathway 81 I (v) Feedback to strategic management In Agriculture, Northern Cape REFERENCES ANNEXURES n.lJJL1'-'A 1 Typology questionnaire preliminary 91 Annex 2 Typology questionnaire for phase interview 3 Description of variables 4 analysis 109 LIST TABLES L poverty South 4 Table 2.1 Simllarities and farm household and other entities 15 4.1 study area Table 5.1 livestock activity the community 45 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Decision-making by family members 5.5 different in the 5.6 results 67 Table 5 Modell 5.8 Model II 5.9 Model III 69 XI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 A conceptual framework of a farm household system 12 Figure 2.2 Factors influencing household behaviour 22 Figure 4.1 Methodological sequence of the research process 42 Figure 5.1 Possible development trajectories 55 Figure 5.2 Graph of mean scores of types 64 Xll LIST MAPS 1 reserves of the Northern Map 2 Sampled 28 xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 Introduction South African rural environment today is and the agricultural are dualistic is largely a dominated by phenomenon as colonialism, racism, practices as I as such as economic urbanization, natural resource endowments and environment and Kirsten, Van Zyl and Vink, 1998). study will focus on the diversity in the rural environment of the historically a previous "coloured of South This introductory chapter will the background to the study, a problem statement, study and a 1.2 Background to the study South IS as an upper mcome a vast propoltion population still live poverty display a level more with low (Whiteford, 1995).