PHASE IA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY & Rͳ17 PREDICTIVE MODEL, SEGMENTS ROAFശBBHW ΈSEGMENTS 1ͳ20Ή D.C. TO RICHMOND SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL July 14, 2015 Archaeological Background Review and Predictive Model Washington, D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor Archaeological Background Review and Predictive Model for the Washington, D.C. to Richmond, Virginia, Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor by Mike Klein, Emily Calhoun, Marco González, and Earl E. Proper Prepared for Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation 801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 Richmond, Virginia 23219 Prepared by DC2RVA Project Team 600 E. Main Street, Suite 2102 Richmond, Virginia 23219 July 2015 Kerri S. Barile, Principal Investigator July 2015 ABSTRACT The proposed Washington, D.C. to Richmond (DC2RVA) segment of the Southeast High Speed Rail project was examined through an archaeological background review and predictive model of archaeological site locations. This work will serve to guide subsequent Phase I cultural resource surveys. The proposed project is being completed under the auspice of the Federal Rail Administration (FRA) in conjunction with the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (DRPT). Because of the FRA’s involvement, the undertaking is required to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The project is being completed as Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) File Review #2014-0666. Previous studies throughout the region provided a basis for projection of relative probability of discovering terrestrial archaeological sites using standard Phase I survey techniques in the DC2RVA project corridor. Environmental variables included distance to major drainages, soil fertility as reflected in the Soil Conservation Service’s identification of soil classes, and disturbance evident on aerial images of the project corridor. Aspects of the built environment also used as variables included the georeferenced location of historic roads and National Park Service (NPS) historic trails that crossed the DC2RVA corridor. Documentary research provided information on previously identified architectural and archaeological resources, Revolutionary War and Civil War camps depicted on period maps, and the American Battlefield Protection Program-defined location of Civil War battlefields. Together, these data allowed the prediction of the settings characterized by a high, moderate, and low probability of discovering archaeological sites, as well as areas where previous disturbance, development, previous archaeological survey, or soil attributes indicate that archaeological sites will not be discovered in these areas. Those areas where previous disturbance or soil attributes indicate that archaeological sites will not be discovered are not given a probability ranking For the purposes of the predictive model, the area of potential effects (APE) was defined as a linear corridor that extends 50 feet (15.2 m) on both sides of the center of the existing 123-mile (198-km) project corridor, an area encompassing 2,109.5 acres (853.7 ha). The proposed DC2RVA project is expected to primarily impact near-surface resources; for this reason, the predictive model does not include deep testing. It is recommended that 90 percent (1,890.8 acres [765.2 ha]) of the 2,109.5-acre (853.7-ha) APE should not be tested due to previous archaeological survey meeting DHR standards or its location outside of even the lowest- ranked probability areas. The results reflect the extensive development in Fairfax County and the cities of Alexandria, Fredericksburg, and Richmond, as well as the construction and maintenance of the existing rail corridor. Of the remaining 218.7 acres (88.5 ha), 156.8 (63.4 ha) were classified as high probability, 46.9 acres (19 ha) as moderate probability, and 15.0 acres (6.1 ha) as low probability. It is recommended that all of the high and moderate probability areas, a total of 203.7 acres (82.4 ha), and a 10 percent sample of the low probability area (approximately 1.5 acres [0.6 ha]) be subjected to shovel test pit and metal detector survey, where appropriate. The areas recommended for testing occur primarily in the less developed DC to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail i Archaeological Predictive Model ABSTRACT segments located between Fredericksburg and Richmond. Additionally, it is recommended that all sites within the APE previously determined eligible or potentially eligible for listing on the NRHP as well as those sites that have not been evaluated by the DHR should be reexamined regardless of their probability ranking/location within the probability model. After reexamination, these resources should be evaluated as necessary in coordination with DHR. DC to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail ii Archaeological Predictive Model TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... iii 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Location .......................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.2 Project Description ..................................................................................................................... 1-6 2. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Data Sources ............................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Scale ............................................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.4 Archaeology Survey Methods .................................................................................................. 2-2 3. BACKGROUND REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Battlefields Located Within the Study Area ........................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Civil War Occupation of the Potomac Valley and Central Virginia .................... 3-1 3.1.2 American Battlefield Protection Program Maps ..................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Revolutionary War Rochambeau Maps ................................................................... 3-6 3.2.2 Historic Roads .............................................................................................................. 3-8 3.3 Previously Identified Archaeological Sites within the APE ................................................ 3-9 3.4 Previously Identified Architectural Resources .................................................................... 3-11 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PREDICTIVE MODEL ....................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Archaeological Settlement Models .......................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Precontact and Protohistoric Settlement Models .................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Historic Settlement Models ........................................................................................ 4-4 4.2 Implementation and Results of the Predictive Model .......................................................... 4-6 5. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 5-1 6. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 6-1 APPENDIX A: PREDICTIVE MODEL MAP RESULTS ................................................................... A-1 DC to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail iii Archaeological Predictive Model TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Overview of the SEHSR Corridor. .............................................................................. 1-2 Figure 1-2: Overview of the DC2RVA Project Corridor. ............................................................. 1-4 Figure 1-3: Overview of the DC2RVA Project Segments. ........................................................... 1-5 Figure 3-1: Example Rochambeau Camp Map, Detail of Alexandria Camp (Rochambeau 1782a) ..................................................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3-2: Detail from Map of the northern portion of Hanover County, Va., showing fortifications on the South Anna River near Taylorsville Illustrating the Location of Railroads, Roads, Hotels, Mills, Stores, and Residents (Anonymous 186-) ........................................................................................................ 3-9 LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Battlefields in the Project Area and ABPP-Defined Locations ............................... 3-2 Table 3-2: Georeferenced Historical Maps .................................................................................. 3-4 Table 3-3: Previously Identified Archaeological Sites Located Within the APE .................. 3-10 Table 3-4: Architectural Resources in the Project Area