10/24/2014 CLASSROOM PRESENTATION HUMAN GEOGRAPHY of NYS Sharing information about your counties. ***** Focus on one county. Settlement Sequence: PowerPower slide format. Native American Occupancy Worth 10% of your final grade. European Arrival Presentations start in mid-November. Colonial Period **** Prof. Anthony Grande 1 © AFG 2014 2 Human Geography of NYS Studying Iroquois Culture We add people to the physical landscape. Optional Exercise: either “for grading” or “for extra credit’ Focus on perception, settlement, land use, transport networks, economic development and Iroquois Village – human impact. based on the NYS Museum virtual display; get links from the Home Page The cultural landscape is studied. • Home-page Electronic Handout: Web sites of New York-based Native American nations compiled by the NYS Library. 3 4 Stage began Woodland Stage c.3,000 years Global Climate Change ago. Emphasis on cultivation. Paleo-Indians came to N.Am. c.14,000 yrs ago via land bridge from Asia. Arrived in NY 9000- 4000 yrs ago. 0 Pre-Columbian Eastern Woodland Indians Principal groups in NYS were the Iroquois and Algonquin. They cleared the forests to create farmland. HOW? Principal food crops were maize (corn), beans, squash. Compiled from historical, tree ring and ice core records. They hunted and fished and along the coast engaged in whaling. 5 6 1 10/24/2014 Generalized Time Line Generalized Time Line c.1000 AD By the 1300s During the 1400s Period of natural global The tribes advanced beyond Period of natural global cooling. By the 1500s warming. hunting and gathering and Cooling trend may have became agriculturalists. Maize production was . Iroquois expanded north reduced. triggered the more into the St. Lawrence Valley, . Plentiful food supplies, frequent warfare among extending maize production to both in the forests and fields. Local environments the Iroquois tribes. its northern limit. were strained by the . Villages grew in size (as large villages. Competition for farmland . Co-existed with the many as 1500 people may have and other strategic . Villages had to move resources (water, game Algonquin tribes. lived in a settlement) and often. WHY? Ample food and living space. became permanent. animals and forest products). No competition for land. Iroquois society evolved . Landscape alteration from a culture of sedentary . Had a spiritual relation- resulted as residents agriculturalists to a culture ship with nature which they searched their surroundings of village-based warriors. believed provided for their for food, water and wood. 7 8 basic needs. By the early 1600s Generalized Time Line Tribal Areas the Iroquois and Algonquin formed confederacies to In the 1500s By coincidence, this reduce tribal war- was the time of the Most famous and strong- Iroquois adapted to the est was the Five Nations fare and make the whole stronger than higher population densities first planned European or Iroquois Confederacy advance in North (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, the individual units. and crowded living condi- Oneida and Mohawk; Tuscarora tions. But, local resources America: joined in 1700s.) were being used up. 1498: Cabot sailed off the . They developed rules of coast of Long Island. social order and village 1524: Verrazano entered councils were formed. NY harbor. 1535: Cartier entered the . Different clans of a tribe Map from St. Lawrence river valley. Thompson, existed in the same village Geography of New to share resources. York State 9 10 European Contact Iroquois Confederacy The early 1600s saw the arrival of the European ex- The Confederacy posed the strongest threat plorers and the establish- to European colonization but also a threat to ment of European camps other Indian nations. away from the coast. – Large population (c.15,000-75,000 people) were 1603-15: Champlain explored scattered (low density) throughout the area. the St. Lawrence River and Voyage of Henry Hudson entered Lake Champlain from up the North River -1609 – Sedentary agriculturalists (tied to the land) en- the north. gaged in hunting, fishing, crafts, and trading. 1609: Hudson sailed inland – Dominated the area between New England, Virginia up the North River from the south. and the Great Lakes by controlling trade routes. 1624: First Dutch settlement – Became a major player in European control of in New York Harbor. the northeast by selecting sides. 11 12 2 10/24/2014 Known Sites of Indian Settlement Indians & Trade 1600-1760 http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/IroquoisVillage/ Fur Trade: The Dutch (West India Company) engaged the Iroquois by establishing fur trading posts along the Hudson River (1624). European/Indian Alliances: - French with Algonquin, Huron and other northern tribes. -Dutch and English with the Iroquois. Iroquois Confederacy: Disrupted French/Indian trade. Map from Thompson, Allied with English. Controlled the Geography of area between New England, New York State 13 Virginia and the Great Lakes. 14 KEY Consequences of the Fur Trade Dutch Settlement 1. Indians’ relationship with 5. Disappearance of nature changed. Now they beavers changed the The Dutch limited their settlement to took more from nature than physical landscape; areas along the North River (Hudson River) was needed for survival. beaver dams are no longer 2. Animals (esp. beaver) be- maintained and water drains the harbor perimeter away. Meadows created. came a resource of value, western Long Island east to Jamaica (Queens) not a blessing from God. 6. Iroquois acted as mid- tip of Manhattan island 3. Trade for weapons affect- dlemen, interacting with ed all animals, not just other tribes and getting furs the Hudson valley waterfront to Fort Orange beaver, so all animal popula- from outside their area to (now Albany) tions decreased. (Related to sell. Control. (See #3.) warrior culture. See #6.) 7. Indian deaths increased WHY? 4. By 1700 the beaver in NY as they interacted with was nearly exterminated. Europeans. WHY? Spiritu- al crisis ensued (back to #1). 16 15 Dutch Settlement View of New York in 1627 • New Amsterdam (tip of Manhattan Is) was established in 1625 and be- came the seat of government. •In 1626 the Dutch West India Co. introduced African slavery to New Amsterdam as an alter- native to providing indentured servants for the colonists. • By the 1630s Dutch farmsteads were establish- ed in western Long Island. (As the Dutch moved eastward on Long Island, they encountered English settlers who came from Connecticut and settled in Suffolk County.) 17 English mapmaker John Speed, 1627 18 3 10/24/2014 New Netherland Dutch Influence Dutch established the basic framework of settlement in NYS. Sites of principal population centers: originally forts and trading posts. New Amsterdam, Hudson-Mohawk axis created: hugs the rivers 1660 from NYC to Rome; rarely extends inland. Dutch interested in fur trade, not colonization. Control of waterways important. Dutch place names remain today in Hudson 1656 Valley and on Long Island. (Toponomy = study of place names) 19 20 Dutch and Swedish English Plan Claims 1640 The purpose of English colonization of North Great Britain’s North America was settlement. American colonies (New England and Virginia) English settlers began to move into eastern were separated by the Long Island from Connecticut and Rhode claims of Sweden and Island in early 1630s having received land the Netherlands. grants from the British Crown. The British now viewed Dutch outposts between the (NOTE: Dutch claimed land between North River (Hudson R.) and South River (Delaware R.) as an Connecticut and Delaware rivers. impediment to British control of the east coast from French claims were to the north and Spanish claims to the south.) Maine to Georgia. 21 22 Geopolitical Strife Geopolitical Strife Mid-1640s: Conflict developed between the Dutch and the Indians in the Hudson Valley and between •In 1660 King Charles II of England decided he the English, the Dutch and Indians on Long Island. did not want the Dutch colony in America. WHY? • From 1660-1664 negotiations attempted to remedy the situation. – The Dutch increased their fur trade north of New Amsterdam. • Finally in 1664 he sent the Royal Navy into New Amsterdam to demand surrender. – English settlers expanded their ownership of land for farms on Long Island, moving westward. • The Dutch colony was given to the Duke of York, along with all of Long Island, renamed Treaty of Hartford (1650) was drafted (but never NEW YORK. ratified) setting the international boundary between the English and Dutch colonies on Long Island at today’s Nassau-Suffolk line. 23 24 4 10/24/2014 English Settlement Settlement 1700 English colonial English take over New Amsterdam in 1664. settlement – English leave Dutch system of trade and land stretched along division in place (legacy still exists). the Atlantic coast- – Interior settlement in NY colony lags behind other al plain and tidal coastal colonies. WHY? inlets from Maine – Agricultural settlement on Long Island drastically to Virginia, with changes the natural landscape. HOW? inland penetration only along the – Wars for world dominance between England and Connecticut and France spill over to North America: 1689-1763 Hudson rivers. French and Indian Wars with battles fought in NY. (N. American counterpart of the 100 Years War in Europe.) 25 26 Settlement of New York Colonial Period: English Colonial Period French and Indian Wars In the New York colony, settlement moves • Final chapter of the French and slowly north along the Hudson River and then Indian Wars takes place from along Mohawk River. 1754-1763. – Still limited to water frontage. Why? • Numerous battles in New York between French, English and Head of Mohawk Valley settled in 1740s. Indians. Important link to the Great lakes via the Iroquois sided with England Oneida Carry (a portage between the Mohawk River and Lake Ontario drainage basins). Algonquin and Huron sided with – Beyond this point were the villages and hunting France grounds of the Iroquois Confederation. Hostilities discouraged settlement away from the main rivers.