J R Army Med Corps 2004; 150: 10-13 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-150-01-02 on 1 March 2004. Downloaded from Consensus On The Pre-hospital Approach To Burns Patient Management K Allison, K Porter Introduction children and there is a lack of teaching and In the United Kingdom (UK), burns simple, evidence-based guidelines. patients account for approximately 175,000 The Faculty of Pre-hospital Care set out to emergency department attendances and improve the information available concerning 15,000 hospital admissions each year (1). immediate care of the burns patient in simple, Consequently the first aid and pre-hospital unambiguous guidelines, so that any carer care for this large group of patients is of great (including first-aider, ambulance personnel, importance and yet in the authors’ nurse or doctor) could administer safe, experience, simple things are often not done appropriate care. The process to achieve very well. consensus over these guidelines has taken In 1998 a national survey revealed 58% of time and the advice and ratification by all UK ambulance services had no specific groups that look after burns patients from the treatment policy for burns patients (2). Pre- point of their injury through to definitive care hospital carers often feel out of their depth in has been painstakingly followed (Tables caring for burns patients, particularly 1&2). Table 1.Process of consensus guidelines. Ambulance service and plastic & burns surgeons 1998 questionnaire survey Presentation of data at Trauma UK meeting June 1999 Presentation of Data at British Burns Association April 2000 (BBA) meeting Letter in BBA newsletter inviting suggestions and September 2000 help http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Publication: “The UK pre-hospital management of Burns 2002; 28:135-42. burn patients: current practice and the need for a standard approach” K Allison FRCS(Eng) FRCS(Plast) FIMC Consensus meeting held in Birmingham February 2001 RCS(Ed) Consensus information presented at BBA meetings April 2001, April 2002 Specialist registrar in Consensus guidelines included in Joint Royal March 2002 Plastic Surgery and Colleges and Ambulance Liaison Committee Burns, Immediate care (JRCALC) doctor and member of the research and Table2 .Individuals and organisations present at the consensus meeting in February 2001. on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. development committee of the Faculty of Pre- Ambulance Services (West Midlands,Warwickshire, County Air Ambulance) hospital Care Ambulance Service Association Medical Directors of 3 ambulance services Email: [email protected] British Association of Immediate Care Schemes (BASICS) and BASICS education K Porter FRCS(Eng) Faculty of Pre-hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh FRCS(Ed) FIMC British Burns Association RCS(Ed) Local Burns Surgeons Consultant trauma Burns Nurses surgeon, Immediate Military medical staff care doctor and honorary secretary of DERA the Faculty of Pre- Voluntary Aid Societies hospital Care Fire Services Faculty of Pre-hospital Clinical Biochemist Care, Royal College of British Association of Accident and Emergency Medicine (BAEM) Surgeons of Edinburgh, Accident and Emergency specialty consultants Nicolson Street, Edinburgh, EH89DW General Practitioners K Allison, K Porter 11 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-150-01-02 on 1 March 2004. Downloaded from It is hoped that the guidelines although Dressings basic, can form the basis for current pre- Dressings are important to help the patient’s hospital care and that they may be updated pain control and to keep the burnt area as new evidence or arrangements for burns clean.The burnt area should be covered with patients are made within the UK (Table 3). a cellophane type wrap, such as Clingfilm™, remembering the possible constricting effect Table 3.Consensus guidelines. of wrapping; smaller pieces are ideal and circumferential sheets should be avoided. 1.S.A.F.E Approach The patient should be wrapped up in 2.Stop the burning process blankets or a duvet. 3.Cooling In chemical burns the affected area should 4.Covering / Dressing be irrigated thoroughly until pain or burning has decreased and only wet dressings should 5.Assessment of AcBC be used.There may be a specific antidote for 6.Assessment of burn severity the chemical being used and data regarding 7.Cannulation (and fluids) the likely chemical should be taken with the 8.Analgesia patient to hospital (2,32-38). 9.Transport Assessment and management of immediately or imminently life S.A.F.E approach threatening problems: A.c.B.C For all pre-hospital emergencies, this (Airway with cervical spine acronym can be used to remind the carer as to the first priorities in patient care: stabilisation, Breathing, Circulation) • Shout or call for help It should be remembered that the patient • Assess the scene for dangers to rescuer or may have other injuries co-existent with their patient burn injury. These should be suspected, • Free from danger diagnosed and treated as with any other pre- • Evaluate the casualty (3-7) hospital emergency. The patient should have high flow oxygen delivered via a non- Stop the burning process rebreath mask (15 litres/min). If a patient has The burning process should be stopped or an isolated burn injury which is small and extinguished and the patient should be when no inhalation injury is suspected the removed from the burning source. All burnt oxygen may not be necessary (20, 39,40). clothing should be removed (unless it is stuck http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ to the patient) and any jewellery, which may Assessment of burn severity become constrictive. All items of clothing In order to estimate the size of the patient’s should be brought in a plastic bag to the burned area, use the Wallace Rule of Nines or hospital for examination. Patients with serial halving (“half burnt/half not” chemical burns may need a longer period of approach: is the burn >1/2 patient’s Total irrigation under tap water and specific Body Surface Area (TBSA): if it is not, is it information about the chemical concerned 1/4-1/2 or <1/4). This latter technique should be obtained. although new, is effective in burn size estimation in pre-hospital care. Other important features of the burn injury which Cool the burn wound on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. There is often confusion over this process must be identified or considered are: and for how long it should last. It is • Time of burn injury. suggested that the ambulance service • Mechanism of Injury (flame (clothes or despatch system will advise the ‘999’ caller to patient caught fire), flash burn, scald, cool the burn area for up to 10 minutes. Cool electrical, chemical). running tap water is sufficient and ice cold • Burn within confined space (possible water should not be used. If this has been respiratory inhalation injury). done, pre-hospital carers should cool for • In children and elderly, always be mindful another 10 minutes during package and of potential Non Accidental Injury. transfer. If the burn area is small (< 5%) then It is of paramount importance that the pre- a cold wet towel can be placed on the burn hospital carer keeps good records (41-44). area, on top of the Clingfilm™ dressing (see next section), but before wrapping up the Cannulation and intravenous whole patient to maintain body warmth fluids beneath the blankets. Delays in transporting The emphasis for patient cannulation the burn patient should be minimised, as should be for the administration of titrated should the risk of inducing hypothermia, opiate/opioid analgesia. It is important that particularly in children. A helpful reminder is cannulation procedures do not unnecessarily to: “Cool the burn wound but warm the extend the on scene time. Access should be patient” (2, 8-31). limited to two attempts only and should 12 Consensus on Burns J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-150-01-02 on 1 March 2004. Downloaded from generally be undertaken in transit. The effective? Burns 1997;23:55-8. intraosseous route may be necessary in 12. Lawrence JC. First-aid measures for the treatment of burns and scalds. J.Wound.Care 1996;5:319-22. children. Fluid replacement with 0.9% 13. Hodson AH. Treating burns by initial cooling. J normal saline or Hartmann’s solution can be R.Soc.Med 1992;85:121. commenced if the patient is cannulated, but 14. Latarjet J. [Immediate cooling with water: must be started for burns >1/4 TBSA and/or emergency treatment of burns]. Pediatrie.(Bucur.) 1990;45:237-9. if time to hospital is more than one hour 15. Lawrence JC. British Burn Association rec- from time of injury. A guide to fluid volumes ommended first aid for burns and scalds. Burns is 1000ml for adult and 10ml/kg for children Incl.Therm.Inj. 1987;13:153. <15 years old. Fluid therapy should ideally 16. Clayton MC, Solem LD. No ice, no butter. Advice on management of burns for primary care be warmed (45-48). physicians. Postgrad.Med. 1995;97:151-60, 165. 17. Demling RH, Mazess RB, Wolberg W.The effect of Analgesia immediate and delayed cold immersion on burn As previously indicated, analgesia is best edema formation and resorption. J.Trauma 1979;19:56-60. accomplished by cooling and covering the 18. Kravitz H. Letter: Cooling as first aid for burns. burned area. Intravenous opiate or opioid Pediatrics 1974;53:766. can be titrated to make the adult patient 19. Kravitz H. First-aid therapy for burns--cool it: need more comfortable and should be accom- to instruct laymen. Clin.Pediatr.(Phila) 1970;9:695- 7. panied by an anti-emetic. In children intra- 20. Australian and New Zealand Burn Association.