VOLUME THIRTY-ONE NUMBER ONE 2019 VOLUME THIRTY-ONE § NUMBER ONE § 2019 The Yale Journal of Lawand Feminism is publishedtwice ayear, in theSummer andWinter, by astudent-run organizationatthe Yale LawSchool,127 Wall Street,New Haven, CT 06511. Mailing address: P.O. Box208215,New Haven, CT 06520-8215 Webpage:https://www.law.yale.edu/student-life/student-journals-and- publications/yale-journal-law-feminism Email: [email protected] Subscriptions:Subscriptions are$30.00 pervolumefor institutions and$20.00 pervolumefor individuals. Internationalsubscribers pleaseadd $10.00 to these prices.Subscriptions paid by institutionalcheck will be billed at theinstitutional rate of $30.00. Allsubscriptions will be renewedautomatically,unlessthe subscriber otherwisenotifiesthe Journal. Back issues canbepurchased at the rate of $16.00 forinstitutions and$10.00 forindividuals. Claims fornon-receipt of issues will be honoredfor onlyone calendaryearfrompublicationdate. Inquiries regardingsubscriptions canbemadebyemail or through themailat theabove address. Manuscripts:The Journal welcomes thesubmission of unsolicitedarticles, comments, andother piecesfor consideration. Authorsmay send submissions to [email protected]. Each author will be notifiedassoon as apublication decision is made. Production: Thecitations in the Journal followTHE BLUEBOOK:AUNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (20thed. 2015), publishedbythe Columbia LawReview, the HarvardLaw Review,the University of PennsylvaniaLaw Review,and The Yale LawJournal.The Journal is typesetbyJournal staffmembers andprinted by Sheridan,Inc., in Hanover, Pennsylvania. Copyright ã 2019 by theYaleJournalofLaw andFeminism.Publication numberISSN1043-9366. Articlesinthisissueshouldbecitedas31YALE J.L. &FEMINISM __ (2019). Cover illustrationbyJacquelineCoy Charlesworth. GraphicdesignbyAnn Mackey. I NSIDE SARAH DEER JILL C. MORRISON BLANCHE BONG COOK JENNIFER SAFSTROM TAYLOR CLARE BURGESS YALE JOURNAL OF LAW AND FEMINISM P.O. BOX 208215 127 WALL STREET NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8215 VOLUME THIRTY-ONE § NUMBER ONE § 2019 Advisory BoardMembers ClareDalton Martha Minow Boston, Mass. HarvardLaw School LucindaFinley FrancesOlsen SUNY Buffalo University of California School of Law LosAngeles School of Law OwenFiss Judith Resnik Yale LawSchool Yale LawSchool ShelleyGeballe BarbaraSafriet Yale School of Public Health Lewis&ClarkLaw School ElizabethHoltzman VickiSchultz Herrick,Feinstein LLP Yale LawSchool NewYork, NY Reva Siegel SherrilynIfill Yale LawSchool NAACP LegalDefense Fund NewYork, NY Kate Stith Yale LawSchool Sylvia Law NewYorkUniversity JamienneStudley School of Law Beyond 12 SanFrancisco,CA CatharineMacKinnon University of Michigan Patricia Williams School of Law Columbia University School of Law VOLUME THIRTY-ONE § NUMBER ONE § 2019 Editors-in-Chief Leanne Gale ScottW.Stern Kath Xu Managing Editor SarahJaneBever-Chritton SubmissionsEditors Sumaya Bouadi Jessica Tueller Articles Editors AdinaHemley-Bronstein MelanieSava NatashaKhan NatalieSavoieCauley SophieLaing EricaTurret KaminiPersaud CarolineWallace JishianRavinthiran Notes&Comments Editors BoardMembers at Large Claire Benoit Meghan Brooks Jordan Dannenberg CatherineMcCarthy Kyla Eastling EliseWander Dana Khabbaz CitationsEditor SymposiumEditor Lisa Chen Samantha Godwin Editors Eric Baudry AnnieHimes Juliana Moraes Liu MollieBerkowitz HannahHussey Lauren Nathan Lauren Blazing Chandini Jha Cara Newlon Taylor Burgess Anna Kaul MeganPearson PeterDamrosch Matt Kellner Molly Petchenik CarolinaEguchi AdairKleinpeter- KathrynPogin Yamamoto Ross SorenSchwab StephanieGarlock Dianne Lake Kshithij Shrinath CaseyGilfoil SarahLamsifer Serena Walker Adrian Gonzalez Kate Levien Anna Windemuth MeganHauptman AnnManov VOLUME THIRTY-ONE § NUMBER ONE § 2019 Contents Articles (En)GenderingIndian Law: Indigenous FeministLegal Theory in theUnited States Sarah Deer................................................................................................... 1 Resuscitatingthe BlackBody: ReproductiveJusticeasResistancetothe State’s PropertyInterestinBlack Women’sReproductiveCapacity Jill C. Morrison.......................................................................................... 35 Johnny Appleseed: CitizenshipTransmission Laws andaWhite HeteropatriarchalPropertyRight in Philandering, Sexual Exploitation, and Rape (the “WHP”) or Johnny andthe WHP Blanche Bong Cook.................................................................................... 57 Salary Historyand PayParity:Assessing PriorSalaryHistory as a“Factor OtherThanSex”inEqual PayAct Litigation JenniferSafstrom ..................................................................................... 135 Note ReconstructingState InterventioninPregnancy to EmpowerNew Zealand Women Taylor ClareBurgess............................................................................... 167 (En)Gendering Indian Law: Indigenous Feminist Legal Theory in the United States Sarah Deer† ABSTRACT: American Federal Indian law is often mistakenly assumed to be a gender-neutral discipline. Although Native women suffer disproportionately from numerous maladies, Indian law practitioners rarely engage with questions of gender discrimination or intersectional oppression. Several Canadian scholars have begun to explicate “indigenous feminist legal theory.” This is the first Article in the United States to consider how such a theory might inform the practice of Federal Indian law and tribal law. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 2 I. FEDERAL INDIAN LAW................................................................................... 8 A. Feminist Interventions in Federal Indian Law............................... 12 1. Dollar General v. Mississippi Choctaw .................................. 13 2. United States v. Bryant............................................................ 16 3. Carpenter v. Murphy ............................................................... 18 B. Federal Statutory Reform.............................................................. 20 C. Future Areas for Reform............................................................... 21 II. TRIBAL LAW .............................................................................................. 24 A. Gender in Tribal Court Litigation ................................................. 26 1. Hepler v. Perkins..................................................................... 26 2. Naize v. Naize.......................................................................... 27 3. Riggs v. Attakai........................................................................ 27 4. The Bigfire Cases .................................................................... 28 5. Casteel v. Cherokee Nation ..................................................... 29 B. Tribal Statutory Development....................................................... 30 † Sarah Deer (J.D., University of Kansas) is a citizen of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and a 2014 MacArthur fellow. She currently teaches at the University of Kansas in the Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and the School of Public Affairs and Administration. She also serves as the Chief Justice for the Prairie Island Indian Community Court of Appeals. Mvto (thank you) to the many scholars and friends who have influenced the development of this Article. I especially want to thank Mary Kathryn Nagle (Cherokee) who has played a pivotal role in bringing gender analysis to Federal Indian law practice. All errors, however, are mine alone. Copyright © 2019 by the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 2 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism [Vol. 31:1 III. GENDER EQUITY IN LEGAL EDUCATION & PRACTICE .............................. 31 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 34 INTRODUCTION I began writing this Article just six weeks after the historic November 2018 midterm elections. On the evening of November 6, the world of American politics saw the election of the first-ever Native1 women to Congress—Deb Haaland (Laguna Pueblo) of New Mexico and Sharice Davids (Ho-Chunk) of Kansas.2 Native women have been subject to the laws of the United States for hundreds of years with absolutely no voice—indeed, no presence—in the halls of Congress. That same evening, Peggy Flanagan (White Earth Ojibwe) of Minnesota became the first Native woman to be elected to serve as lieutenant governor of a state. Many other Native women won seats in state legislatures across the country. Native women are also emerging in other types of high visibility political and legal positions. For example, Tobi Young (Chickasaw) became the first Native person to clerk for the United States Supreme Court when Justice Neil Gorsuch appointed her in 2018.3 We are entering a new era of political visibility of contemporary Native women. It is within the context of this moment that I assess the field of Indian law and tribal law. This Article considers whether the discipline is keeping up with the times with regard to gender consciousness and lasting equity for Native women and Native Two-Spirit (LGBTQ+) people.4 I also situate this Article in the context of the #MeToo movement, as several Native women have come forward with their own experiences of sexual abuse and harassment in the Indian law workplace. This inquiry is also prompted by the numerous issues of inequity that Native women continue to experience in 2019. It is becoming