REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development centre for the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific. Its mandate is to foster cooperation between its 53 members and 9 associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between global and country-level programmes and issues. It supports Governments of the region in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the region’s unique socio-economic challenges in a globalizing world. The ESCAP office is located in Bangkok, Thailand. Please visit our website at www.unescap.org for further information. The shaded areas of the map represent ESCAP members and associate members. Part Two ---- IV. Urban Transportation i REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends New York, 2007 ii Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2005 REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends United Nations publication Sales No. E.08.II.F.4 Copyright ¤ United Nations 2009 Second revised edition, May 2008 All rights reserved Manufactured in Thailand ISBN: 978-92-1-120534-3 ST/ESCAP/2485 ESCAP WORKS TOWARDS REDUCING POVERTY AND MANAGING GLOBALIZATION Acknowledgements: This document was prepared by the Transport Policy and Tourism Section with inputs from across the Transport and Tourism Division of ESCAP. Project data was graciously provided by Thomson Project Finance International and Thomson SDC Platinum. Data inputs were contracted from Meyrick and Associates Pty., Limited. The chapter on air transport was graciously provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. The term “ESCAP region” is used in the present document to include Afghanistan; American Samoa; Armenia; Australia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Cook Islands; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Fiji; French Polynesia; Georgia; Guam; Hong Kong, China; India; Indonesia; Islamic Republic of Iran; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kiribati; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Macao, China; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Micronesia (Federated States of); Mongolia; Myanmar; Nauru; Nepal; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Russian Federation; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Tajikistan; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Tuvalu; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; and Viet Nam. The term “developing ESCAP region” excludes Australia, Japan and New Zealand. The term “Central Asia” in this publication refers to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. On 1 July 1997, Hong Kong became Hong Kong, China. Mention of “Hong Kong” in the text refers to a date prior to 1 July 1997. On 20 December 1999, Macau became Macao, China. Mention of “Macau” in the text refers to a date prior to 20 December 1999. The term “billion” signifies a thousand million. Unless otherwise stated, current United States dollars have been used throughout. This publication has been issued without formal editing. Contents iii CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 1 PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE FOR TRANSPORT......................................................... 15 I. MEETING THE NEEDS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE ................... 17 A. Economic growth ......................................................................................................... 17 B. Intraregional and interregional trends in merchandise trade ........................................ 22 II. MEETING THE NEED FOR PERSONAL MOBILITY ............................................ 35 A. World and regional population growth and distribution............................................... 35 B. Trends in urbanization .................................................................................................. 37 C. Growth of mega-cities .................................................................................................. 38 D. Demographic change .................................................................................................... 40 III. MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................ 45 A. Global environmental considerations ........................................................................... 45 B. Local environmental considerations ............................................................................. 46 C. Air pollution abatement strategies: policies and initiatives.......................................... 48 IV. MEETING THE NEED FOR SAFE ROADS .............................................................. 55 A. Introduction ..................................................................................................................55 B. Ministerial Declaration on Improving Road Safety in Asia and the Pacific ................ 55 C. Data and trends in road crashes in the ESCAP region ................................................. 56 D. Main causes of road crashes ......................................................................................... 61 E. National road safety targets .......................................................................................... 63 F. Examples of road safety initiatives in China, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Viet Nam....................................................................................................................... 66 V. MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE POOR ................................................................... 69 A. Transport and poverty reduction................................................................................... 70 B. Rural poverty and transport .......................................................................................... 70 C. Urban poverty and transport ......................................................................................... 72 D. Infrastructure and “Inclusive Development” ................................................................ 74 PART TWO: DEVELOPMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................. 77 VI. CHANGING DELIVERY MECHANISMS.................................................................... 79 A. Background and infrastructure investment needs ........................................................ 79 B. Private sector financing of transport infrastructure ...................................................... 79 C. Institutions to facilitate private sector investment ........................................................ 88 VII. ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT .............................................................................. 97 A. Asian Highway Network .............................................................................................. 97 B. Road networks in Asia and the Pacific ......................................................................... 104 C. Selected road and highway investment projects........................................................... 111 iv Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2007 CONTENTS (continued) Page VIII. RAILWAY TRANSPORT .................................................................................................. 117 A. Trends in railway traffic ............................................................................................... 117 B. Rail systems growth ..................................................................................................... 123 C. The Trans-Asian Railway Network .............................................................................. 130 D. Selected railway infrastructure projects ....................................................................... 135 IX. SHIPPING ........................................................................................................................... 141 A. Registered merchant fleet capacities ............................................................................ 141 B. Vessels by country of domicile ..................................................................................... 143 C. Shipbuilding ................................................................................................................. 144 D. Trends in container slot capacity and ship size ............................................................ 144 E. Trends in bulk shipping fleet capacities ....................................................................... 146 F. Trends in the average age of merchant fleets ............................................................... 147 G. Productivity trends in the world merchant shipping fleet