https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180002400 2019-08-29T17:42:57+00:00Z National Aeronautics and NASA/TP—2017–219846 Space Administration IS02 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama 35812 Case Studies in Crewed Spacecraft Environmental Control and Life Support System Process Compatibility and Cabin Environmental Impact J.L. Perry Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama December 2017 The NASA STI Program…in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientific and technical conferences, NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA or cosponsored by NASA. maintain this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. 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Does not contain extensive NASA STI Information Desk analysis. Mail Stop 148 NASA Langley Research Center • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and Hampton, VA 23681–2199, USA technical findings by NASA-sponsored contractors and grantees. NASA/TP—2017–219846 Case Studies in Crewed Spacecraft Environmental Control and Life Support System Process Compatibility and Cabin Environmental Impact J.L. Perry Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center • Huntsville, Alabama 35812 December 2017 i TRADEMARKS Trade names and trademarks are used in this report for identification only. This usage does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA STI Information Desk Mail Stop 148 NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23681–2199, USA 757–864–9658 This report is also available in electronic form at <http://www.sti.nasa.gov> ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation for Evaluating Environmental Control and Life Support System Compatibility and Cabin Environmental Impact .......................................................... 3 1.2 Spacecraft Active Trace Contaminant Control Design Practice .................................... 4 1.3 Environmental Control and Life Support System and Cabin Environmental Impact Rating Definitions............................................................................................. 5 2. APPROACH ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Cases Considered .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Vehicle and Environmental Control and Life Support System Features ........................ 8 2.3 Cabin Material Balance ................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Generation Rate Estimate ............................................................................................. 11 2.5 Incidental Removal by Humidity Control Processes ..................................................... 12 2.6 Removal by Activated Carbon Adsorption ................................................................... 15 2.7 Removal by Catalytic Oxidation ................................................................................... 16 2.8 Evaluation Sequence for Environmental Control and Life Support Compatibility and Cabin Environmental Impact ................................................................................. 16 3. WATER-BASED INTERNAL THERMAL CONTROL WORKING FLUIDS AND ADDITIVES ............................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Glutaraldehyde Antimicrobial Additive Evaluation ...................................................... 18 3.2 Methyl-Isothiazolone Antimicrobial Additive Evaluation ............................................ 32 3.3 Ortho-Phthalaldehyde Antimicrobial Additive Assessment .......................................... 43 3.4 Aqueous Propylene Glycol Fluid Assessment ............................................................... 53 4. EXTRA-VEHICULAR ACTIVITY-RELATED EVALUATIONS ................................... 70 4.1 Cure-in-Place Ablative Materials .................................................................................. 70 4.2 Nonoxide Adhesive Experimental Crack Repair Material ............................................ 73 4.3 Fuel-Oxidizer Reaction Products .................................................................................. 73 5. FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS ................................................................................. 82 5.1 Bromotrifluoromethane Fire Extinguishing Agent........................................................ 82 5.2 Halon Alternatives Potentially Compatibile With International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support Systems ....................................................... 99 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 6. FLUOROCARBON FLUID ASSESSMENTS .............................................................. 104 6.1 Perfluorohexane-Based Fluids .................................................................................. 104 6.2 Reaction of Perfluorinated Compounds Under Environmental Control and Life Support Process Conditions ....................................................................... 110 6.3 Perfluoromethylpentane-Based Fluids ...................................................................... 117 6.4 Perfluoropentane-Based Fluids ................................................................................ 132 6.5 Evaluation of Tetrafluoroethane-Based Fluids ......................................................... 140 6.6 Thermal Working Fluid Candidates for Crew Transport Vehicles ............................ 147 7. LEAKAGE FROM BATTERY FAILURE .................................................................... 164 7.1 Remedial Response for Lithium Thionyl Chloride Battery Failure ........................... 164 8. CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS VENTS ........................................ 171 8.1 Odor Potential of Vapor Compression Distillation Purge Gases .............................. 171 8.2 Effects of Vapor Compression Distillation Purge Gas Load on Cabin Atmospheric Quality ................................................................................................ 172 8.3 Urine Processing Assembly Purge Gas Impacts on Cabin Atmospheric Quality ...... 177 9. PAYLOAD SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY ASSESSMENT ............................................ 185 9.1 Octafluoropropane Compatibility With Experiment Payload Heated Surfaces ........ 185 10. POLAR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND ASSESSMENT ................................. 195 10.1 Effects of Polar Organic Compounds on Water Processing Systems ...................... 195 11. SYNOPSIS ..................................................................................................................... 212 APPENDIX A—MASS BALANCE EQUATION DERIVATION ...................................... 213 APPENDIX B—TABULAR RESULTS OF THE GLUTARALDEHYDE EVALUATION .......................................................................................... 218 APPENDIX C—TABULAR RESULTS OF THE METHYL ISOTHIAZOLONE EVALUATION .......................................................................................... 220 APPENDIX D—TABULAR RESULTS OF THE ORTHO-PHTHALDEHYDE EVALUATION .........................................................................................