University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 2004 Intercultural contact and the creation of Albany's new diplomatic landscape, 1647--1680 Holly Anne Rine University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Rine, Holly Anne, "Intercultural contact and the creation of Albany's new diplomatic landscape, 1647--1680" (2004). Doctoral Dissertations. 236. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/236 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTERCULTURAL CONTACT AND THE CREATION OF ALBANY’S NEW DIPLOMATIC LANDSCAPE, 1647-1680 BY Holly Anne Rine B.A. Berea College, 1992 M.A. Middle Tennessee State University, 1997 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History September, 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3144754 Copyright 2004 by Rine, Holly Anne All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3144754 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED c 2004 Holly Anne Rine Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Directo/, Cynthia J. Van Zandt, Assistant Professor of History Eliga ELfGould, Associate Professor of History W. Jeffrey Bolster, Associate Professor of History Kurk Dorsey, AssoeiatfesProfessor of History VS Lucy E. Salyei, Associate Professor of History Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank the individuals and organizations whose generous financial support made it possible to complete this dissertation. The History Department at the University of New Hampshire provided valuable funding and experience through a Teaching Assistantship. I am also grateful to the Department and to the Rutman family for supporting my work with the Darrett and Anita Rutman Dissertation Fellowship. The Graduate School at the University of New Hampshire provided my work with generous support through Summer Teaching Assistant Fellowships and a Dissertation Year Fellowship, which allowed me the time to complete my dissertation. The Gilder- Lehrman Institute of American History also provided me with a dissertation fellowship that supported valuable research at the New-York Historical Society. I also wish to thank the many institutions and individuals that assisted in the research and writing of this project. I am indebted to the staffs of the New-York Historical Society library, the National Archives of Canada, the New York State Archives and Library, and the Inter-Library Loan Department at the University of New Hampshire’s Dimond Library for their knowledge and assistance. I wish to express my gratitude to Fredrika Teute who offered comments on my work at the Eighth Annual Conference of the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture at the University of Maryland and Richard Haan who did the same at the Researching New York: Perspectives on Empire State History in Albany, New York. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The History Department at the University of New Hampshire not only provided me with needed financial support, but its members also provided much appreciated encouragement and guidance. I particularly wish to thank my adviser, Cynthia J. Van Zandt, for her time and effort in support of this project and my career. Her insights helped me shape this project and her encouragement of my work allowed me to see it through. Her support went beyond this dissertation. I have become a better teacher as a result of her mentoring, and I look forward to implementing the knowledge I gained from her in my future work. Thanks also to Eliga H. Gould and W. Jeffery Bolster for their efforts in guiding this dissertation as well as for their contributions of their time and knowledge as teachers. I also thank Kurk Dorsey and Lucy Salyer for the gracious contributions of their time and insightful comments to improve the final project. While this project could not have been completed without their assistance, I alone am responsible for any errors and shortcomings in this dissertation. I must also acknowledge the support, encouragement and, most of all, friendship of so many who have made this process worthwhile. My former roommate, Kimberly Jarvis, completed her dissertation before me, but continued to offer much appreciated assistance, encouragement and friendship via email and telephone. John and Deborah Beagle, Paula Rioux, Erica Brown, Stephanie Trombley and Jeffrey Fortin could always be counted on to lend an ear, to offer support and ideas, and to make me laugh. I am grateful to them all. The deepest debt of gratitude I owe is to my family. My parents Robert and Marlene Rine instilled in me a love of learning and stood as my strongest supporters through this entire process. My Aunts Lillian Macey and Joyce Hannan offered such v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. gracious and generous encouragement and support of my graduate studies-1 cannot thank them sufficiently. I thank my sisters and brothers-in-law, Mary Beth and Frank Maccagnano, Karen and Greg Dolzonek, and Amy and Gary Wake, for their love, encouragement and friendship. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to Andrew Maccagnano, Nathan, Allison and Nicholas Dolzonek, and Marley and Robert Wake, and I thank them for giving me hope, happiness and inspiration. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 Historiography ............................................................................................................................10 Chapter Outlines ........................................................................................................................ 19 1. OUTSIDE THREATS AND INSIDE RUMORS............................................................ 23 The Threat to the East .............................................................................................................. 24 The Threat to the South ............................................................................................................ 32 The Threat to the North ............................................................................................................ 34 English Incursions into New Netherland ................................................................................36 Indian Threats ............................................................................................................................ 43 Importance of Forts to Dutch Goals ....................................................................................... 48 1655 as a Turning Point ...........................................................................................................57 Rumors....................................................................................................................................... 61 2. OUTSIDE OF TOWNS......................................................................................................70 Dutch Experiences Outside of the Towns of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys ............. 71 French Experiences Outside of the Towns of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys ...........76 Fort Orange and the Surrounding Lands ...............................................................................81 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction