TAXON: Rotheca myricoides SCORE: 6.0 RATING: High Risk (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Taxon: Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Family: Lamiaceae Common Name(s): blue butterfly bush Synonym(s): Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke blue glory bower Clerodendrum ugandense Prain blue wings Spironema myricoides Hochst. Cambridge bush Oxford bush Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 23 May 2016 WRA Score: 6.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Tropical Shrub, Medicinal Uses, Shade-tolerant, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Creation Date: 23 May 2016 (Rotheca myricoides Page 1 of 15 (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.) TAXON: Rotheca myricoides SCORE: 6.0 RATING: High Risk (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 23 May 2016 (Rotheca myricoides Page 2 of 15 (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.) TAXON: Rotheca myricoides SCORE: 6.0 RATING: High Risk (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Several morphological variants, but no evidence of domestication] "Central and east to northeast tropical Africa. Rotheca myricoides comprises a perplexing complex of morphological variants (see Steane, D., & Mabberley, D. J. 1998. Rotheca (Lamiaceae) Verdcourt (1992) and Persson (1992) for discussion), of which revived. Novon, 8(2): 204-206 'Uganden- sis' is widely cultivated (known as Oxford & Cam- bridge bush due to its dark blue and light blue corolla lobes); see Staples (1991)." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Africa East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Zimbabwe Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - KwaZulu-Natal, [Accessed 19 May 2016] - Transvaal; Swaziland West Tropical Africa: Ghana West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi; Congo; Rwanda; Zaire Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 19 May 2016] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Creation Date: 23 May 2016 (Rotheca myricoides Page 3 of 15 (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.) TAXON: Rotheca myricoides SCORE: 6.0 RATING: High Risk (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Clay, H.F., Hubbard, J.C. & Golt, R. 1987. Tropical Shrubs. "Adaptable; will grow almost anywhere in Hawai'i except in extreme University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI salt conditions; grows best in rich , well-watered, well-drained soil" Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (2016). Flora of Zimbabwe: Species information: "Altitude range: (metres) Up to 1700 m " [Elevation range exceeds Rotheca myricoides. 1000 m, demonstrating environmental diversity in tropical climates] http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.ph p species_id=149090. [Accessed 23 May 2016] Floridata. 2016. Clerodendrum ugandense. "Hardiness: USDA Zones 10 - 11. Blue butterfly bush performs best in http://floridata.com/Plants/Verbenaceae/Clerodendrum a frostfree climate, but it is root hardy in zones 8 and 9, freezing to %20ugandense/979. [Accessed 23 May 2016] the ground in winter, but returning from its roots in spring." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native: Africa East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Zimbabwe Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa - KwaZulu-Natal, [Accessed 23 May 2016] - Transvaal; Swaziland West Tropical Africa: Ghana West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi; Congo; Rwanda; Zaire Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Clay, H.F., Hubbard, J.C. & Golt, R. 1987. Tropical Shrubs. "Adaptable; will grow almost anywhere in Hawaii except in extreme University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI salt conditions" McCormack, G. 2007. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, "Clerodendrum ugandense ... Introduced - Recent, Not naturalised; Rarotonga. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org. Land, lowlands, gardens" [Accessed 23 May 2016] The Tropical Flowering Zone. (2015). Rotheca myricoides (Blue Butterfly Bush). "Rotheca myricoides is native to tropical East Africa and is cultivated https://tropicalfloweringzone.wordpress.com/2015/01/09 as an ornamental throughout the tropics and widely cultivated /rotheca-myricoides-blue-butterfly-bush/. [Accessed 23 elsewhere." May 2016] "Table 1. Exotics of the Doon Valley (enumeration)" [Clerodendrum Negi, P. S., & Hajra, P. K. 2007. Alien flora of Doon Valley, ugandense present but not reported as naturalized in this Northwest Himalaya. Current Science 92(7): 968-978 publication] Creation Date: 23 May 2016 (Rotheca myricoides Page 4 of 15 (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb.) TAXON: Rotheca myricoides SCORE: 6.0 RATING: High Risk (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. Qsn # Question Answer "We have also re-examined the status of Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb., which is treated as native to Madagascar in the Flore de Madagascar et des Comores (as Clerodendrum Callmander, M. W., Phillipson, P. B., Wearn, J. A., & Kok, R. myricoides Hochst.), based on the collection ͞Warbur ϱϱϯ͟ P. D. (2013). Adieu Adelosa Blume (Lamiaceae): Further [Warburg?] cited as from Madagascar without locality (MOLDENKE, Observations on Rotheca Raf. for Madagascar. Candollea, 1956). The specimen of this gathering at P is clearly marked as 68(2), 316-320 having been collected in a garden. We have found no evidence of the species occurring naturally in Madagascar, nor of this commonly cultivated ornamental plant having become in any way naturalized." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Auckland Museum. (2016). Rotheca myricoides 'Ugandensis'. "Sporadically naturalised (AK 256579) along roadside from a single http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collection/object/am_ plant growing in Lodge gardens with blue flowers (AK 256579)" naturalsciences-object-305084. [Accessed 23 May 2016] "This species is occasionally grown in Hawai͚i and was noted in a pasture area on Kaua͚i where several individuals appeared naturalized along a fenceline. This species apparently forms fruit in Hawai͚i (Staples 2005) and is likely dispersed by birds.