OSL O FILES ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY Oslo Files › DES/2012 06 06 2012 The rise of naval powers in Asia Bjørn Terjesen Øystein Tunsjø (eds) The rise of naval powers in Asia › INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE and Europe’s decline foR DEFENCE STUDIES › Skippergata 17c Postboks 890 Sentrum 0104 OSLO, NORWAY INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER PUBLIKASJONER FRA IFS SKIPPERGATA 17C, 0152 OSLO, NORGE OSLO FILES ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY: større arbeider og bredere fremstillinger rettet Institutt for forsvarsstudier (IFS) er en del av Forsvares høgskole (FHS). Som faglig mot et allment publikum, online og på papir. uavhengig høgskole utøver FHS sin virksomhet i overensstemmelse med anerkjente IFS INSIGHTS: online forum for artikler, kommentarer og papere. vitenskapelige, pedagogiske og etiske prinsipper (jf. Lov om universiteter og høyskol- er § 1-5). Begge publikasjoner utgis jevnlig og annonseres på våre nettsider samt gjennom nyhets- brev. 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As an independent university college, FHS conducts OSLO FILES ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY: in-depth studies of current issues in defence its professional activities in accordance with recognised scientific, pedagogical and and security written for experts and non-experts alike. Oslo Files are available online and ethical principles (pursuant to the Act pertaining to Universities and University Col- in hardcopy. leges, section 1-5). IFS INSIGHTS: online forum for brief articles, comments and working papers in defence and security studies. Director: Professor Sven G. Holtsmark SINGLE ISSUES ONLINE AND IN PAPER Oslo Files on Defence and Security aims to provide a flexible forum for studies within Single issues of all our publications are available online through the national Bibsys Brage the fields of activity of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. All views, as- archive, which can be accessed through the IFS website: ifs.forsvaret.no. Unless we are sessments and conclusions which appear in this publication are the author’s own. out of stock, paper copies can be ordered from the IFS free of charge. Editor: Anna Therese Klingstedt CONTACT Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, P.O. box 890 Sentrum, N-0104 OSLO. Telephone: +47 23 09 59 00, e-mail: [email protected]. IFS PUBLICATIONS ONLINE: ifs.forsvaret.no ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY Oslo Files › DES/2012 06 Bjørn Terjesen Øystein Tunsjø (eds) The rise of naval powers in Asia and Europe’s decline THE EDITORS Øystein Tunsjø is associate professor at the Norwegian Institute for Defence S tudies. He is the author of US Taiwan Policy: Constructing the Triangle (London: Routledge, 2008) and Security and Profits in China’s Energy Policy: Hedging Against Risk (forthcom- ing, C olumbia University Press). Tunsjø is co-editor of Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea (London: Routledge, 2012) and US-China-EU Relations: Managing a New World Order (London: Routledge, 2010). Commander S.G. Bjørn Terjesen is Head of Department of Seapower and Leadership Training at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. He holds a cand.philol. degree in his- tory from the University of Bergen. Terjesen is a graduate from the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy and the German Command and Staff College. He is one of the authors of Sjøforsvaret i krig og fred – Langs kysten og på havet gjennom 200 år (History of the Norwe- gian Navy 1807-2007) and has also published several books and articles on naval and political history, including a study of the peaceful dissolution of the Swedish–Norwegian union in 1905. SUMMARY For the first time in modern history Asian states are spending more on defence than their European counterparts. The sea power ambitions of leading land powers such as China, Russia and India stand as a challenge to US naval supremacy in the region. The old Euro pean great powers are becoming marginalised in an increasingly Asia-centred world. The edited volume The Rise of Naval Powers in Asia and Europe’s Decline examines this new geopolitical landscape of the 21st century, emphasising the role of the great powers and the importance of sea power in shaping international politics. INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies ISSN 1504-6753 © Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies [email protected] – ifs.forsvaret.no CONTENT PREFACE 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Karl Rommetveit and Bjørn Terjesen A GLOBAL SURVEY OF NAVAL TRENDS: THE BRITISH APPROACH 17 Geoffrey Till NAVAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA 29 Bernard D. Cole CHIna’s mILITARY MODERNISATION AND EAST ASIAN SECURITY 41 Robert S. Ross NAVAL DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN 53 Yoji Koda NAVAL DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA AND MULTILATERAL COOPERATION 67 Vijay Sakhuja THE CHALLENGE OF UNDERSTANDING THE RUSSIAN NAVY 79 Mikhail Tsypkin MARITIME DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NORWAY 93 Øystein Tunsjø BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 CONTRIBUTORS 121 ABBREVIATIONS AAW anti-aircraft warfare ACV air-cushion vehicle ADMM ASEAN defence ministers’ meeting AEW&C airborne early warning and control system AIP air-independent propulsion ALH advanced light helicopters APR Asia-Pacific Region ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASBM anti-ship ballistic missile ASCM anti-ship cruise missile ASW anti-submarine warfare AWACS airborne warning and control system BIMST-EC Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thailand Economic Cooperation BMD ballistic missile defence CCP Chinese Communist Party CIWS close-in weapons systems CMF combined maritime forces CMC Central Military Commission (China) CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific CSG carrier strike group DD destroyer DDG guided missile destroyer DDH helicopter destroyer EAS East Asia Summit EEZ exclusive economic zone HADR humanitarian assistance and disaster relief HDW Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH IFR international fleet reviews IMDEX international maritime defence exhibitions IONS Indian Ocean naval symposium IOR-ARC Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation ISR intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance JASDF Japan Air Self-Defence Force JGSDF Japan Ground Self-Defence Force JMSDF Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force LCAC air-cushion landing craft LIMA Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition LPD landing platform dock LSD dock-landing ship LST tank-landing ship LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MCM Mine Counter-measures Force NCW network-centric warfare NDPG National Defence Programme Guidelines (Japan) OTH over-the-horizon PLAAF People’s Liberation Army Air Force PLAN People’s Liberation Army Navy PLOTE People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam RAS replenishment at sea ReCAAP Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia ROKN Republic of Korea Navy SAARC South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation SAM surface-to-air missile SDSR Strategic Defence and Security Review (UK) SHADE shared awareness and deconfliction SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missiles SNF strategic nuclear forces SRBOC super-rapid-blooming off-board chaff SSBN nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine SSGN nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine SSM surface-to-surface missile UAV unmanned aerial vehicle UCAS unmanned combat air system USC United Shipbuilding Corporation (Russia) UUV unmanned underwater vehicle VMF Russian Navy (Voyenno-morskoiflot) WPNS Western Pacific Naval Symposium Preface The working papers presented here were initially read at the second Norwegian Seapow- er Symposium. It was held at the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy in Bergen in August 2011, and chaired by Rear Admiral Bernt Grimstvedt, Chief of the Royal Norwegian Navy. The aim of the Seapower Symposia is to engage with naval issues and devel- opments of importance, while identifying and analysing their potential implications for small modern navies in general and the Norwegian Navy in particular. The first sym- posium, which took place in 2009, focused on maritime and naval challenges and op- portunities in the High North. This second symposium examined naval developments in Asia, the major players being China, India, Japan and the US, and what the implications of changes might be for small modern navies. Both symposia were in two parts. After focusing on naval thinking, maritime strategy, doctrines and general trends in an inter- national perspective, discussions followed on the Norwegian perspectives at strategic, operational and tactical levels. Those participating at the symposia are serving naval of- ficers in the fleet and Coast Guard, headquarters, personnel at naval schools and training centres, academics attached to the Norwegian Armed Forces and from various defence