TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN ANATOLIA: THE CASE OF TOKAT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYġEGÜL KARDAġ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AUGUST 2011 ii Approval of the Graduate School of Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güven Sargın Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr.Ali Uzay Peker Assoc. Prof. Dr.T. Elvan Altan Ergut Co- Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Asst. Prof. Dr. G. Namık Erkal (METU, AH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut (METU, AH) Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker (METU, AH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa S. Akpolat (HU, AH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar (GU, ARCH) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : AyĢegül KARDAġ Signature : iii ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN NINETEENTH CENTURY IN ANATOLIA: THE CASE OF TOKAT KardaĢ, AyĢegül M.A., Department of History of Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker August 2011, 145 pages In this study the Ottoman built environmet in the last period of the nineteenth century Anatolian city is examined. The study aims to explain the construction of new buildings as well as the transformation of earlier types during the process of contemporary modernization and centralization in the Empire. The main frame of the study is formed of the public and the private spaces that formed the urban built environment, and the transformation of these spaces. The city of Tokat has been chosen as the area of study, which still conserves built structures of the Ottoman as well as the earlier periods that are typical of an Anatolian city of the nineteenth century. Examining the transformation of public buildings and residential architecture in this city, this study emphasizes differences in degress of changes in public and private spaces, and the relation of such transformation with the central authority. Keywords: Nineteenth century, built environment, Ottoman architecture, Anatolian city, Tokat. iv ÖZ ONDOKUZUNCU YÜZYILDA ANADOLU’DA OSMANLI DÖNEMĠ YAPISAL ÇEVRESĠNĠN DÖNÜġÜMÜ : TOKAT ÖRNEĞĠ KardaĢ, AyĢegül Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker Ağustos 2011, 145 sayfa Bu çalıĢmada ondokuzuncu yüzyılda Anadolu’da bir Osmanlı kentinin yapılı çevresi incelemektedir. Ġmparatorluğun bu dönemde gerçekleĢtirdiği modernleĢme ve merkezileĢme sürecinde yeni yapıların inĢası ve varolan yapı tiplerinin dönüĢümü anlatılmaya çalıĢılmaktadır. Kentin yapılı çevresini oluĢturan kamusal ve özel mekanlar ve bu mekanların dönüĢümü çalıĢmanın ana çerçevesini oluĢturmaktadır. ÇalıĢma alanı olarak, bugün hala Osmanlı ve öncesindeki dönemlere ait yapıların korunmuĢ olduğu tipik bir ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Anadolu kenti örneği olan Tokat Ģehri seçilmiĢtir. Bu kentteki kamusal yapıların ve konut mimarlığının dönüĢümü incelenerek, kamusal ve özel mekanlarda bu değiĢimin derecesinde görülen farklılığı ve bu dönüĢümün merkezi otoriteyle iliĢkisi vurgulamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl, yapılı çevre, Osmanlı mimarlığı, Anadolu kenti, Tokat. v To My Family vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Ergut for her guidance, advice, criticsm, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I owe special thanks to my co- Supervisor Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker for his supervision and believing in me and for his support through out the whole process of the study. I would also like to thank Asst. Prof. Dr. G. Namık Erkal, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa S. Akpolat, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neşe Gurallar, the committee members, for their constructive suggestions and innovative criticisms. Finally I would like to extend my dearest thanks to my family, my husband, my father, my mother, and my son for all their love and support throughout this study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ .....................................................................................................................................v DEDICATION .................................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 2. THE CITY OF TOKAT ....................................................................................... 5 2.1. Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century .................................................. 5 2.2. Social Structure ............................................................................................. 9 2.2.1. People of Tokat .................................................................................. 9 2.2.2. Tradition and Daily Life ................................................................... 11 2.3. Spatial Formation ........................................................................................ 15 3. PUBLIC BUILDINGS........................................................................................ 23 3.1. Trade Center ................................................................................................ 25 3.1.1. Traditional Means of Living ............................................................. 25 3.1.2. Changes in Trade and Its Spaces in the Nineteenth Century ........... 30 3.2. Administrative Center ................................................................................. 34 3.2.1. Traditional System of Administration .............................................. 34 3.2.2. Changes in Administration and Its Spaces ın the Nıneteenth Century ........................................................................................................... 38 viii 3.3. Religious Buildings ..................................................................................... 44 3.4. Schools, Hospitals and Other Public Buildings ........................................... 48 3.5. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................... 53 4. RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE ................................................................... 56 4.1. Habitation in the Ottoman Empire .............................................................. 57 4.1.1. General Features of the Ottoman House .......................................... 60 4.1.2. Tokat Houses .................................................................................... 67 4.2. The Evolution of the Nineteenth Century Houses ....................................... 72 4.2.1. Nineteenth Century Houses of Tokat ............................................... 80 4.2.2. The Case of the Soğukpınar District ................................................ 84 4.3. Concluding Remarks ................................................................................... 89 5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 91 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 94 TABLES.................................................................................................................. 103 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 106 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1 Housing Stock and Population of Tokat City Center ……………..…… 103 Table 2 Evaluation Chart for Soğukpınar Houses ................................................ 104 Table 3 Forty Important Hıstorıcal Buıldıngs ın Tokat ......................................... 105 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Tokat County in the Late Ottoman Period ………………….. 106 Source: TUĞLACI, P. (1985) p.288 Figure 2 Development of Tokat City and Major Historical Roads ……………. 107 Source: KUNTAY, O. (1982) p.20 Figure 3 Heights of Tokat City Center ……………………………………....... 108 Source: ÖZSOY, O. (2002) p.36 Figure 4 Tokat City Map showing districts ………………………………….…109 Source: Google Earth Maps, Tokat City Center Figure 5 Nine domed Bedesten