SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 2 LANGUAGES OF NORTHERN AREAS Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Peter C. Backstrom Carla F. Radloff National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2002 ISBN 969-8023-12-7 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface..................................................................................................ix Maps .....................................................................................................xi Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary.....................................................xv Acknowledgments..............................................................................xxi Balti — Peter C. Backstrom..................................................................3 1. Introduction..........................................................................3 2. Geographic Location............................................................4 3. A Brief History of Previous Research on Balti....................5 4. History of the Balti People...................................................5 5. Present Social Conditions ....................................................7 6. Linguistic Setting .................................................................9 7. Dialect Variation................................................................10 8. Attitudes toward their own Language in General ..............24 9. Attitudes toward Other Languages.....................................25 10. Bilingualism, Language Use and Contact........................25 11. Conclusion .......................................................................27 Burushaski — Peter C. Backstrom ....................................................31 1. Introduction........................................................................31 2. Geographic Location..........................................................31 3. A Brief History of Previous Research on Burushaski........32 4. History of the Burushaski-speaking People .......................33 5. Present Social Factors ........................................................35 6. Linguistic Setting ...............................................................38 7. Dialect Variation................................................................38 8. Relative Dominance of Burushaski in Comparison to Other Languages ..............................................................................48 9. Reported Second Language Proficiency ............................50 10. Second Language Use Choices ........................................51 11. Conclusion .......................................................................53 Wakhi — Peter C. Backstrom ............................................................57 1. Introduction........................................................................57 2. Geographic Location..........................................................57 3. A Brief History of Previous Research on Wakhi ...............58 4. History of the Wakhi People..............................................59 5. Present Social Factors ........................................................60 6. Linguistic Setting ...............................................................63 7. Regional Variation in the Wakhi Language.......................65 8. Use of Wakhi versus Other Languages..............................70 9. Attitudes toward Wakhi and Other Languages ..................73 10. Conclusion .......................................................................74 Domaaki — Peter C. Backstrom ........................................................77 1. Introduction........................................................................77 2. Geographic Location and Population.................................77 3. History and Background ....................................................79 4. Classification of Domaaki..................................................80 5. Influence of Burushaski and Shina on Domaaki................80 6. Language Attitudes ............................................................81 7. Language Use.....................................................................82 8. Conclusion .........................................................................83 The Dialects of Shina — Carla F. Radloff ........................................89 1. Introduction to Shina..........................................................89 2. Methodologies and Locations for Data Collection ..........101 3. Language Identity ............................................................115 4. Patterns of Similarity .......................................................122 5. Patterns of Intelligibility ..................................................151 6. Patterns of Bilingualism and Language Use ....................159 7. Is Gilgiti the Recognized Standard?.................................174 8. Summary and Conclusion ................................................201 Appendix A Methodologies..............................................................207 A.1 Procedure for Counting Lexical Similarity ...................207 A.2 Recorded Text Testing ..................................................215 Appendix B Balti Survey Data ........................................................219 B.1 Word Lists .....................................................................219 B.2 Text................................................................................234 B.3 Balti Questionnaire........................................................238 Appendix C Burushaski Survey Data.............................................243 C.1 Word Lists .....................................................................243 C.2 Burushaski Texts ...........................................................261 C.3 Burushaski Questionnaire..............................................270 Appendix D Wakhi survey data .....................................................273 D.1 Word Lists.....................................................................273 D.2 Wakhi Text....................................................................285 D.3 Wakhi Questionnaire.....................................................288 Appendix E Domaaki Survey Data................................................293 E.1 Domaaki Word List .......................................................293 E.2 Domaaki Questionnaire .................................................296 Appendix F Shina Survey Data......................................................301 F.1 Shina Word Lists ...........................................................301 F.2 Shina Texts ....................................................................370 F.3 Shina Questionnaires .....................................................401 Balti References................................................................................409 Burushaski, Wakhi and Domaaki References ...............................410 References for Dialects of Shina......................................................412 PREFACE The northern area of Pakistan occupies a unique position on the cultural and historical map of the world. Its cultural diversity and ethnic richness make it one of the most fascinating areas for researchers and scholars. It is, however, its multi-lingual character that concerns the present study. These five volumes of the Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan are devoted to the study of its multi-lingual features. It is slightly more ambitious than the usual studies of this nature: it attempts to study the various languages and dialects of this area from a synchronic descriptive approach with regard to the issue of language versus dialect. In order to verify the diversity and similarity within these languages and dialects, linguistic and sociolinguistic data has been used to throw some light on the relative levels of diversity within and between the identified varieties. This has been done particularly in the cases of Gujari with Hazara Hindko, Indus and Swat varieties of Kohistani and Shina with its linguistic neighbours. At a macro level, this work is definitely an improvement over Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India and the subsequent studies by various scholars. However, though ambitious in scope, the study does not claim to be exhaustive and comprehensive in every respect. The study also discusses the impact of external linguistic