I n spirituality in the light of the Islamic tradition DR. SHUJA ALHAQ Contents Dedication 3 Foreword 9 Prologue 11 Book One Chapter 1 Sufism in today's Islamic world and Iqbal 65 The split between the Muslim intelligentsia and Sufism 65 Iqbal's early mystical thought 68 The transformation of Iqbal's ideas 72 The religious world view of the Asrsr-i Khudi 73 Iqbal's expansionist conception of Islam 77 Iqbal's refutation of Sufism 79 The dualist character of Iqbal's thought 85 Iqbal's reputation as a Sufi poet 88 The Western contribution to Iqbal's Sufi image 94 The divergent trends in Sufism 99 Chapter 2 The seed and the split: The origins of Islamic spirituality 105 The rise of the two schools 105 The Unitarian vision of the Quran 108 Man's relationship with the world 114 Legacy of Ali 121 Chapter 3 The origin and development of Sufism: The first phase no Legacy of the Imams 130 The rise of asceticism 134 Growth of Sufism 138 The ecstasy of Bastami 141 The sobriety of Junayd 144 The transcendence of Hallaj 147 Abu Sa 'id bin Abi al-Khair's vindication of Hallaj 152 Chapter 4 The origin and development of Sufism: The second phase 167 Ibn Arabi: the beginnings 167 The context 170 Ibn Arabi's exposition of the Unitarian doctrine 174 The God of beauty and belief 200 Ibn Arabi's attitude towards the sharica 212 The unity of ecstasy and knowledge in Rumi 227 Chapter 5 Sufism in India: The third phase 243 The growth of Sufi orders 244 Rise of the Chishtiyya in India 246 The power and personality of Nizam ad-Din Awliya 249 Crystallization of the two world views 256 The Suhrawardiyya 262 The Firdawsiyya and Sharaf ad-Din Maneri 269 The Qalandars 277 Book Two Chapter 6 The contemporary Indian spiritual traditions 283 The Sufi interaction with Indian spirituality 284 Gorakhnath and the Nath Yogis 286 Beginnings of the Indian Sufi tradition of literary romance 291 The Sants and the North Indian bhakti movement 293 Kabir. the paramount saint of Medieval India 304 Kabir's life and early influences 306 Kabir"s problem and his sources 308 Chapter 7 The origins of Hindu spirituality 312 The divine world of the Rig-Veda 313 The Upanishads and the birth of Unitary world view 318 The origins of the Hindu dharma 330 The growth of the Hindu dharma 341 A critique of modern Indology 342 Chapter 8 The unity and continuity of the Hindu dharma 367 Brahmachsrya: the parent institution of renunciation 367 The two Householders as mediators 372 Last stages towards Freedom 375 The Unitarian vision of the dharma 379 The caste-structure 396 The work-ethic of the Gita 407 Image worship 414 Chapter 9 Kabir's Unitarian Vision 418 The knowledge of difference 419 Love of God and the problem of immortality and freedom 425 Kabir's critique of religion 433 Unity of God, man and religion 448 Book Three Chapter 10 The life and work of Farid ad-Din Shakarganj 467 The pioneer of khanaqah life in India 470 Panjabi poetry attributed to Farid 474 A study of the Farld-Bani 481 After Farid 491 Chapter 11 The rise of the Qadiriyya 494 Miyan Mir: his life and work 498 Shah Husain 505 Shah Husain's work 508 Sultan Bahu and his work 521 Chapter 12 The new world order of Akbar 533 The spiritual background 533 The contemporary and modem sources 535 The beginnings of Akbar's career 542 Early spiritual inclinations and Akbar's devotion to Mucin ad-Din Chishti 544 The orthodox influence in the court and Akbar's disillusionment 546 The foundation of the 'Ibadat-khana and the rise of Abu al-Fazl 550 The concept of the just ruler 553 The Unitarian foundations of the new order 555 Tawhid-i ilahi and the concept of the ideal ruler/state 566 Insurgence in art and culture 574 Chapter 13 The orthodox Sufism of Ahmad Sirhindi 579 Sirhindi's alignment with the 'ulama' 582 Sirhindi's attitude towards the state 585 Sirhindi's approach towards the non-Muslims 590 Sirhindi's self-image 595 Sirhindi's dualism 599 Sirhindi's conception of Sufism 608 Sirhindi's mystical experience 615 Chapter 14 The Unitarian world of Bullhe Shah 626 The life and work of Bullhe Shah 629 The sources of Bullhe Shah's poetry 633 Bullhe Shah's style 635 Some major themes of Bullhe Shah's poetry 637 Bullhe Shah and the end of the Sufi tradition 652 Notes 659 Prologue 661 Chapter 1 669 Chapter 2 676 Chapter 3 683 Chapter 4 696 Chapter 5 716 Chapter 6 726 Chapter 7 737 Chapter 8 751 Chapter 9 760 Chapter 10 766 Chapter 11 773 Chapter 12 782 Chapter 13 798 Chapter 14 809 Bibliography 815.